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Bayesian mimicry in the non-rewarding saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii
<p>Bayesian mimicry, a type of deceptive pollination, is a complicated strategy used by non-rewarding plants to attract pollinators, but some hypotheses concerning this phenomenon have not been systematically verified. In order to show in detail a case of Bayesian mimicry on saprophytic orchid <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii</span></i> in this study, we compared floral characteristics of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>Lysimachia alfredi </span></i>as well as the pollination behavior of the insect <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp<i><span>.</span></i> towards the two species<i><span>. Lysimachia alfredi</span></i> can provide a reward to <i><span>Dufourea</span></i> sp., whereas <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>cannot<i><span>. </span></i>The flowering phenology and geographical distribution of these two plants are highly overlapping. Statistical analysis of quadrat and <i><span>L. alfredi</span></i> transplanting test data revealed that the fruit set rate of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>was significantly positively correlated with the number of nearby <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>individuals. In a glass cylinder experiment, <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>attracted <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp. through visual signals, but the insect could not distinguish between flowers of the two plants before landing on flowers. We observed that the ultraviolet reflection spectra of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>are highly similar. In addition, we found that the hexagonal color models of the two plants are consistent with the bee's visual characteristics, thus indicating that the visual signals of the flowers of the two plants are greatly similar. All of these results provide evidence that <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>simulates the visual signals of <i><span>L. alfredi</span></i> through <span class="15"><span>Batesian </span></span>mimicry, thereby deceivingly attracting <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Danxiaorchis yangii sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), the second species of Danxiaorchis
FIGURE 3. Morphology of Danxiaorchis yangii B. Y. Yang et Bo Li, sp. nov. (A–I) and D. singchiana (a–c). A. Flowering in nature habitat and rhizome (showed in the black circle); B, a. Front view of a flower; C. Bottom view of labellum, showing two sacs; D. Front view of the Y-shaped appendage of labellum; E. Upper view of a labellum with column; F. Side view of a labellum with column; G, b. Side view of the Y-shaped appendage of the labellum; H. Capsule; I, c. Pollinarium. Scale bars: B, a = 1 cm; C, D, E = 5 mm; F, G, I, c = 1 mm; H = 1 cm; b = 2 mm. Images b and c were cited from the Figure 1 in Zhai et al. (2013).
FIGURE 1. The Bayesian 50 in Danxiaorchis yangii sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), the second species of Danxiaorchis
FIGURE 1. The Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus phylogram of subtribe Calypsoinae based on combined ITS + matK dataset. Support values displayed on the branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities / ML bootstrap percentages. A dash "− " indicates support values of less than 0.90 in BI or 50% in ML, respectively. Representatives of Danxiaorchis yangii are marked in red font.
FIGURE 2. Danxiaorchis yangii B. Y in Danxiaorchis yangii sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), the second species of Danxiaorchis
FIGURE 2. Danxiaorchis yangii B. Y. Yang et Bo Li, sp. nov. A. Flowering plant and rhizome; B. Flower, front view (left) and bottom view (right); C. Dissection of a flower, showing dorsal sepal, petal, lateral sepal and labellum with column; D. Appendage of the labellum, side view; E. Column, side view (left) and front view (right); F. Anther cap, ventral view (left) and dorsal view (right); G. Pollinarium; H. Capsule.
Bayesian mimicry in the non-rewarding saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii
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FIGURE 4 in Danxiaorchis yangii sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), the second species of Danxiaorchis
FIGURE 4. Distribution map of Danxiaorchis yangii (circle) and D. singchiana (star).
Supplementary material 1 from: Zhang M, Zhang X-H, Ge C-L, Chen B-H (2022) Danxiaorchis mangdangshanensis (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae), a new species from central Fujian Province based on morphological and genomic data. PhytoKeys 212: 37-55. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.212.91534
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