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10 results for “Death-feigning”
Data for: Latitudinal cline of death-feigning behaviour in a beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
<p><span>Death-feigning behaviour is a phenomenon in which a prey is rendered motionless due to stimulation or threat from a predator. This anti-predator defense mechanism has been observed across numerous animal taxa and is considered adaptive in nature. However, longer durations of death feigning can result in decreased opportunities for feeding and reproduction, and therefore is often associated with higher fitness costs as compared to environments without predators. Differences have also been observed in the frequencies and durations of death-feigning behaviours within animal populations, and these differences are thought to be influenced by the balance between survival and other fitness costs. Furthermore, this balance is predicted to vary in response to changes in environmental conditions. In this study, we examined the frequency and duration of death-feigning behaviours in 38 populations of the red flour beetle (<em>Tribolium</em> <em>castaneum</em>). Our results demonstrate that frequencies and durations of the death-feigning behaviours in <em>Tribolium</em> <em>castaneum</em> show geographical variations and a latitude cline, indicating that this behaviour is influenced by location as well as latitude. This study is the first to demonstrate the existence of a latitudinal cline in death-feigning behaviour and suggests that this behavior might have evolved in response to environmental factors that vary with latitude.</span></p>
Data for: Latitudinal cline of death-feigning behaviour in a beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
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Fig. 3 in The Genome of the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus Leconte, 1851 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 3. Proposed death-feigning pathway genes and their normal functions. A) ATP is required for sustained muscle contractions used to maintain tonic immobility. ATP is generated in all cells; however, the fat body is where the majority of energy storage is considered to take place in the form of glycogen and triacylglycerol. Gyg2 initiates glycogen storage. Glucose may be transported to hemolymph or converted into trehalose. Trehalose is converted back to glucose after traveling through hemolymph and before entering target cells to be used in generating ATP. Triacylglycerol is catabolized by Lipase3 into long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) and diacylglycerol which can be transported to target cells, or diacylglycerol may be converted to glucose through a phosphoglycerate intermediate. Lipase in target cells catabolizes diacylglycerol into LCFA that undergo beta oxidation in the peroxisomes and mitochondria to form ATP. Pex12 is a peroxisomal membrane protein that participates in peroxisome biogenesis. B) Nif3L1 promotes stem cell differentiation into neurons. Dis3L2 is required to rebuild the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) during metamorphosis by regulating the expression of let-7 microRNAs in stem cells. Megf8 is required at the neuromuscular junction to promote its formation. Through the interaction of its PDZ domains with the C-termini of its partners, an InaD serves to anchor G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and Atp13A3. Signaling mediated by a kinin-like peptide through the GPCR may facilitate signals for acetylcholine release. The polyamines transported into the cytoplasm through Atp13A3 could block the function of ion channels (Ca, Na, BK, Kir, CNG, NMDA, and nAChr). Agrin promotes post-synaptic aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) which transduce signals for muscle contraction. Esyt2 shunts presynaptic calcium to the ER, reducing cytoplasmic calcium levels that would slow synaptic vesicle recycling. Perturbations of these proteins may attenuate fast excitatory signals at NMJ that depend on nAChR.
Fig. 1. Testicular chromosome spreads for Asbolus verrucosus. A in The Genome of the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus Leconte, 1851 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 1. Testicular chromosome spreads for Asbolus verrucosus. A) Metaphase I bivalents with the sex chromosome pair (Xy) and the two largest autosomes labeled (1 and 2), B, C) Metaphase II chromosomes from cells possessing each type of sex chromosome. Scale bar is 5 μm.
Fig. 2 in The Genome of the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus Leconte, 1851 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 2. Analyses of the genome and proteome of Asbolus verrucosus. A) Relative chromosome length measurements for bivalents in testicular metaphase I spreads (n = 10), B) Genome size estimates for Zophobas morio and A. verrucosus based on comparison of nuclear areas against those of Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor was set to an average of 513 Mbp), C) Depth of coverage histogram for contigs. The total length for contigs having 10–40-fold coverage (likely haploid) was 72.8 Mbp and the total length for contigs having 50–80-fold coverage (likely diploid) was 151.3 Mbp, D) Comparison of pfam domain types identified in three beetle proteomes, E) Alignment of a portion of the Sirt6 homologs from mouse (Mus musculus; short life span), beetle (A. verrucosus; long life span), and beaver (Castor canadensis; long life span). Amino acids highlighted in the beaver (red) are known to promote longevity in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster compared to those in mouse. Identical longevity-associated amino acids in A. verrucosus are also highlighted.
Fig. 1 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 1. Selected developmental measurements of Asbolus verrucosus. A) Histogram of the number of eggs hatching at ambient temperature based on number of days after collection (n = 199), B) Head capsule widths for larvae, C) Time to pupation (circles, n = 12) or eclosion (diamonds, n = 11) for mature larvae transferred to 88 °F at different ages, D) Time required to induce pupation (circles, n = 12) or eclosion (diamonds, n = 11) after mature larvae were transferred to 88 °F at different ages.
Fig. 3 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 3. Death feigning in Asbolus verrucosus. A) Adult beetle feigning death, B) Survival analysis of adult death feigning (n = 24), C) Larva feigning death, D) Survival analysis of larval death feigning (n = 32). Scale bars: 1 cm.
Fig. 2 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 2. Captive-bred Asbolus verrucosus pupae and adults. A) Ventral view of a pupa, B) Lateral view of a pupa, C) Dorsal view of a newly eclosed adult, D) Rugose elytra inside elytral sheath from a preserved specimen, E) Tergite with setae from a preserved specimen, F) Setae near urogomphi, G–I) Teneral adults at increasing ages. Scales for top and bottom rows are 5 mm and 0.5 mm for the middle row.
Fig. 4 in Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Fig. 4. Reflex bleeding in Asbolus verrucosus. A) Two recently exhumed larvae feigning death. The larva on the top (arrow) bled and was obscured by debris, B) Exudate (arrows) originating from regions proximal to the second abdominal sternite, C) Micrograph of the exudate (differential interference contrast image merged with DAPI stained image) revealed hemocytes were present, D) Abdominal pleuron near second sternite in a larva prior to reflex bleeding (arrow indicates site where larva bled), E) Same larva as in (D), showing melanization at the site about 10 minutes after bleeding. Scales in A and B are 1 cm, C is 5 mm, D and E are 0.1 cm.
Reflex Bleeding in Tonically Immobilized Larvae Causes Debris-Based Camouflage in the Blue Death-Feigning Beetle, Asbolus verrucosus LeConte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) - Supplementary videos 1 to 4
<p>Supplementary videos demonstrating methods for inducing death feigning in <em>Asbolus verrucosus</em>, LeConte (1851), as well as wriggling behavior, death-feigning behavior and reflex bleeding in immature stages.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary video 1</strong>. The hand transfer method is demonstrated. A moment after the investigator releases the larva, a fine mist of blood is quickly squirted and then then the larva oozes blood (indicated with arrow). A portion of the video is then shown enlarged and slowed to 10% original speed to better show the reflex bleeding.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary video 2</strong>. The rotisserie method is demonstrated with the three species investigated (labeled as they pass by for the first time). The <em>Asbolus verrucosus</em> larva displays death feigning behavior and maintains a rigid but slightly curved posture (tonic immobility), while the other two species continue twisting and wandering about their enclosures.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Video 3</strong>. Wriggling behavior is induced in larvae, then in a pupa of <em>Asbolus verrucosus</em>.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Video 4</strong>. This video shows typical death feigning behavior in a blue death feigning beetle larva. Imperceptibly slow movements are more readily observed if the video is viewed at high speed.</p>
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