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121 results for “Decomposers”
Mass and Nutrient Loss in Decomposing Hardwood Boles on Watershed 1 at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1990 - present
In 1990-1991 segments of boles from felled sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees were placed in the field to study the rate of decomposition and nutrient loss (or gain) over time. The segments incubated in the field, ranging from 0.5-1.3 meters in length, were paired with fresh segments from the same trees. The fresh segments were taken to the lab shortly after felling, dried, weighed and subsampled. Fresh samples of wood and bark were collected separately. Incubated bole segments were collected in 1993 (T1), 1997 (T2), 2001 (T3), 2007 (T4) and 2015/2016 (T5). The whole bole segments were transported to the lab, measured, dried and weighed to determine mass loss. Subsamples of the bole wood and bark were collected for chemical analysis, including C, N, H, Ca, Mg, K, Si, Al, Pb, Zn, Mn and Fe. Chemical analyses were conducted concurrently on the fresh (T0) and incubated samples. This data set includes the masses of the fresh and incubated boles along with the concentrations of the chemical analytes. Element pools in the boles can be calculated by multiplying the concentrations by the mass values. This data set includes chemical data for samples collected in 1993, 2001, and 2007 and their paired fresh samples. Samples from 1997 were measured for mass, but inadvertently discarded prior to chemical analysis. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data for Decomposing Fomes fomentarius fruiting bodies, unlike fresh ones, represent a bacteria-rich habitat primarily driven by Arthropoda
<p>These files represent the data files necessary to run the R script analysis for the paper "Decomposing<i> Fomes fomentarius</i> fruiting bodies, unlike fresh ones, represent a bacteria-rich habitat primarily driven by Arthropoda."</p><p>A link to the paper and code will be provided once the paper has been published.</p>
Consequences of non-random tree species loss on litter mass loss, nutrient dynamics, carbon cycling, and decomposer communities across a terrestrial-aquatic interface at Coweeta Hydrologic Lab, Otto, NC
Although litter decomposition is a fundamental ecological process, most of our understanding comes from studies of single-species decay. Recently, litter-mixing studies have tested whether monoculture data can be applied to mixed-litter systems. These studies have mainly attempted to detect non-additive effects of litter mixing, which address potential consequences of random species loss. The focus is not on which species are lost, but the decline in diversity per se. Under global change, species loss is likely to be non-random, with some species more vulnerable to extinction than others. Under such scenarios, the effects of individual species (additivity) as well as of species interactions (non-additivity) on decomposition rates are of interest. To examine potential impacts of non-random species loss on ecosystems, we studied additive and non-additive effects of litter mixing on decomposition. A full-factorial litterbag experiment was conducted using four deciduous leaf species, from which mass loss and nitrogen content were measured. Data were analysed using a statistical approach that first looks for additive identity effects based on the presence or absence of species and then significant species interactions occurring beyond those. It partitions non-additive effects into those caused by richness and or composition.
Organic components of decomposing hardwood boles at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 1990-2016
In 1990-1991 segments of boles from felled sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) trees were placed in the field to study the rate of decomposition and nutrient loss (or gain) over time. The segments incubated in the field, ranging from 0.5-1.3 meters in length, were paired with fresh segments from the same trees. The fresh segments were taken to the lab shortly after felling, dried, weighed and subsampled. Fresh samples of wood and bark were collected separately. Incubated bole segments were collected in 1993 (T1), 1997 (T2), 2001 (T3), 2007 (T4) and 2015/2016 (T5). The whole bole segments were transported to the lab, measured, dried and weighed to determine mass loss. Subsamples of the bole wood and bark were collected for chemical analysis, including cross-polarization with magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) 13C NMR. Chemical analyses were conducted concurrently on the fresh (T0) and incubated samples. This data package includes the unprocessed NMR data, phased spectra, and integrated (spectral area) data in chemical shift regions that correspond to key structural groups. This data set includes data for T1, T3, T4, and T5 samples and their paired T0 fresh samples. Samples from T2 were measured for mass, but inadvertently discarded prior to chemical analysis. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Supplementary material for "Decomposing fecundity and evaluating demographic influence of multiple broods in a migratory bird"
<p>Data and code files used in the paper. The four data files are provided in ASCII format (marr_S.TXT, broods_S.TXT, marr_G.TXT, broods_G.TXT). The code file (script_IPM_wryneck_Tenan_etal.txt) is a space delineated text file. The code file is written for R, but models are run in NIMBLE from R. The code file also contains the description of the data files and code for data management.</p>
Dataset and additional figures for: decomposing geographical and universal aspects of human mobility
<p>Data and additional figures for: <em>Decomposing geographical and universal aspects of human mobility, </em><a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.08746">https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.08746</a></p>
Dataset of fungal communities observed on decomposing pig carcasses in New Jersey
<p>This dataset contains estimated count data for fungal taxa identified using ITS metabarcoding collected from decomposing fetal pig carcasses placed in grasslands of New Jersey, USA.</p> <p>FungiPigDecomp_Data.csv is a file that contains the estimated count data at the level of taxonomic resolution possible for each replicate, at each stage of decomposition, across three body districts.</p> <p>FungiPigDecomp_Methods.docx is a summarized version of the sampling method relevant to interpreting the data.</p> <p>FungiPigDecomp_Descriptive.txt is a file describing the column headers in "FungiPigDecomp_Data.csv".</p>
Nutrient and stoichiometric time series measurements of decomposing coarse detritus in freshwaters worldwide from literature published between 1976-2020.
This data publication is a database of published estimates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon content of decomposing coarse detritus though time in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Nutrient content measurements are paired with estimates of detrital mass loss within decomposition time series (i.e., defined cohorts of decomposing material through time) with the goal of understanding patterns and drivers of temporal elemental dynamics of freshwater detritus. A systematic literature search for aquatic decomposition experiments conducted on 29 April 2020 generated 580 records (after trimming for duplicates and obvious relevance). From this literature pool, we extracted 810 decomposition time series and associated environmental data (e.g., temperature, water quality, detrital characteristics). Time series included in this synthesis include a range of detritus types (including terrestrial and aquatic plant material, carcasses, dung, and veneers), ecosystems (including streams, lakes, rivers, and wetlands), and settings (including natural ecosystems, field mesocosms, and laboratory microcosms).
Effects of nutrients and organic carbon on the relative proportion of primary producers (microalgae) and heterotrophic decomposers (bacteria and fungi) during aquatic biofilm development in boreal peatland located near Fairbanks Alaska - 2018
1. Producer-decomposer interactions within aquatic biofilms can range from mutualistic associations to competition depending on available resources. The outcomes of such interactions have implications for biogeochemical cycling, and as such, may be especially important in northern peatlands, which are a global carbon sink and are expected to experience changes in resource availability with climate change. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutrients and organic carbon on the relative proportion of primary producers (microalgae) and heterotrophic decomposers (bacteria and fungi) during aquatic biofilm development in a boreal peatland. Given that decomposers are often better competitors for nutrients than primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, we predicted that labile carbon subsidies would shift the biofilm composition towards heterotrophy owing to the ability of decomposers to outcompete primary producers for available nutrients in the absence of carbon limitation. 2. We manipulated nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) and organic carbon (glucose) in a full factorial design using nutrient-diffusing substrates in an Alaskan fen. 3. Heterotrophic bacteria were limited by organic carbon and algae were limited by inorganic nutrients. However, the outcomes of competitive interactions depended on background nutrient levels. Heterotrophic bacteria were able to outcompete algae for available nutrients when organic carbon was elevated and nutrient levels remained low, but not when organic carbon and nutrients were both elevated through enrichment. 4. Fungal biomass was significantly lower in the presence of glucose alone, possibly owing to antagonistic interactions with heterotrophic bacteria. In contrast to bacteria, fungi were stimulated along with algae following nutrient enrichment. 5. The decoupling of algae and heterotrophic bacteria in the presence of glucose alone shifted the biofilm trophic status towards heterotrophy. This effect was overturned
The structural and nutrient chemistry of decomposing cacti in the Sonoran Desert
Cacti are an abundant taxa in the Sonoran Desert, but most research focuses on their population dynamics and physiology and relatively little is currently known regarding their role in desert biogeochemical cycles, particularly regarding their decomposition dynamics. A better understanding of cactus decomposition and their role in ecosystem processes is important, considering there are many threatened and endangered species within this group. In this study, we decomposed two common species of cacti, Opuntia chlorotica (pancake prickly pear) and Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa (buckhorn cholla), in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, U.S.A. Mass loss, water loss, nutrient content, and structural and metabolic chemistry were measured at regular intervals over the course of one year of decomposition. Our results demonstrate the contribution of cactus decomposition to carbon and nutrient recycling, with dynamics that are overall comparable to those of woody and herbaceous leaf litter for most elements. We enumerate, however, a particularly important role in calcium dynamics in comparison to woody and herbaceous leaf litter. Despite different structural characteristics, both cactus species released nutrients at a statistically equivalent rate, though with altered timing of net immobilization and mineralization due to temporary mass gain and associated nutrient immobilization in cholla. The release of nutrients and water from decaying cacti have a modest influence on underlying soil CO2 flux, secondary to a more dominant influence of overall soil temperature and moisture. Thus, our data provide a baseline for understanding the decay dynamics of two common cactus species and suggest that, while there is still a lack of information pertaining to cactus decomposition, the similarities between leaf litter and cacti will aid our predictions of the consequences of future changes in cactus populations.
Dataf from: Global patterns and controls of nutrient immobilization on decomposing cellulose in riverine ecosystems
<p>Microbes play a critical role in plant litter decomposition and influence the fate of carbon in rivers and riparian zones. When decomposing low-nutrient plant litter, microbes acquire nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from the environment (i.e., nutrient immobilization), and this process is potentially sensitive to nutrient loading and changing climate. Nonetheless, environmental controls on immobilization are poorly understood because rates are also influenced by plant litter chemistry, which is coupled to the same environmental factors. Here we used a standardized, low-nutrient organic matter substrate (cotton strips) to quantify nutrient immobilization at 100 paired stream and riparian sites representing 11 biomes worldwide. Immobilization rates varied by three orders of magnitude, were greater in rivers than riparian zones, and were strongly correlated to decomposition rates. In rivers, P immobilization rates were controlled by surface water phosphate concentrations, but N immobilization rates were not related to inorganic N. The N:P of immobilized nutrients was tightly constrained to a molar ratio of 10:1 despite wide variation in surface water N:P. Immobilization rates were temperature-dependent in riparian zones but not related to temperature in rivers. However, in rivers nutrient supply ultimately controlled whether microbes could achieve the maximum expected decomposition rate at a given temperature. Collectively, we demonstrated that exogenous nutrient supply and immobilization are critical control points for decomposition of organic matter.</p>
Data and code for: Nonlinear life table response analysis: Decomposing nonlinear and nonadditive population growth responses to changes in environmental drivers
<p>Life table response experiments (LTREs) decompose differences in population growth rate between environments into separate contributions from each underlying demographic rate. However, most LTRE analyses make the unrealistic assumption that the relationships between demographic rates and environmental drivers are linear and independent, which may result in diminished accuracy when these assumptions are violated. In this study, we compare the relative efficacy of linear and second-order LTRE analyses in capturing changes in population growth rate caused by environmental driver changes. To explore this question, we analyze demographic data collected for three long-lived plant species: <em>Ardisia escallonioides</em> (Pascarella & Horvitz, 1998), <em>Silene acaulis</em>, and <em>Bistorta vivipara</em> (Doak & Morris, 2010). This repository includes data files containing vital rate (survival, growth, reproduction) observations or models for our three case studies, as well as an R script in which we use these demographic data to calculate linear and second-order LTRE approximations of changes in population growth rate for each system and generate the figures we present in our paper.</p>
Decomposing niche components reveals simultaneous effects of opposite deterministic processes structuring alpine small mammal assembly
<p><span>Our knowledge of community assembly dynamics under multiple stressors is limited because of opposite niche-based processes, i.e., limiting similarity and habitat filtering could simultaneously occur, masking the overall patterns. Alpine biomes provide the ideal systems to explore the influences of co-occurrence processes as these communities usually face multiple stresses such as resources limitation and habitat constraints. However, the assembly processes of mammals in alpine areas have hardly been exclusively studied. Here, we</span> <span>aimed to address how different processes structured small mammal communities at the tree line transition zone, which represents one of the most distinct vegetation boundaries separating alpine from montane habitats. We compiled a regional dataset including species list, phylogeny, and functional traits from field collections across 18 mountains of southwest China and complemented them with published data sources. The traits were decomposed into different niche components to determine the respective effects of specific stressors. Phylogenetic and functional diversity indices representing evolutionary history, trait space, and pairwise species distance were calculated and compared with null expectations. Linear mixed-effect models were constructed to assess the increasing or decreasing tendencies of diversity values against increasing elevation. The results showed that phylogenetic and functional richness were strongly correlated with species richness, unlike the distance-based indices which were uncorrelated with species richness. There was no evidence found to support non-random phylogenetic or overall trait patterns. However, the resource acquisition niche tended to be more overdispersed (positive slopes), while the habitat affinity niche tended to be more clustered (negative slopes) as habitats became less productive and less vegetated. We conclude that limiting similarity and habitat filtering simultaneously structure small mammal communities in alpine areas. Altogether, the present study provides vital insights into the complexity of co-occurring assembly processes by niche decomposition, and highlights the importance of considering different diversity dimensions when assessing community structure.</span></p>
WikiMorph: Learning to Decompose Words into Morphological Structures
<p>WikiMorph is a JSON dataset that contains word breakdowns for English words. These word breakdowns primarily consist of morphological compounds (both from English and the word's etymology) along with each compound's associated definition. It also contains other fields that might be useful, such as syllables and parts-of-speech tags. The dataset contains entries for 355,782 unique words and 505,033 total entries. The data collection process for this dataset was described in the paper "<a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-78270-2_72">WikiMorph: Learning to Decompose Words into Morphological Structures</a>", with some additional updates after publication.</p> <p> </p> <pre><code class="language-json"> { "Word": "abduction", "PoS": "Noun", "Syllables": [ "ab", "duc", "tion" ], "Definition": "The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; the movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body.", "Morphemes": [ { "Affix": "abduct", "Language": "en", "PoS": "Verb", "Meaning": "To draw away, as a limb or other part, from the median axis of the body.", "Etymology Compounds": [ { "Affix": "ab", "Language": "la", "Decoded": "ab", "PoS": null, "Meaning": "away" }, { "Affix": "duco", "Language": "la", "Decoded": "duco", "PoS": null, "Meaning": "to lead" } ] }, { "Affix": "-ion", "Language": "en", "PoS": "Suffix", "Meaning": "an action or process, or the result of an action or process", "Etymology Compounds": [ { "Affix": "-iō", "Language": "la", "Decoded": "-io", "PoS": "Suffix", "Meaning": "Used to form abstract nouns from verbs." } ] } ] }</code></pre> <p> </p>
Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition - decomposed EMG
<p>ACL-injured and healthy controls performed isometric contractions (10-50% maximal voluntary contractions) while EMG was being measured of the quadriceps and hamstrings. The EMG was decomposed to individual motor unit characteristics. </p>
Data and code from: Soil decomposer can regulate the legacy effect of photodegradation on forest marcescent litter decomposition, but emerging microplastics disrupt this
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Decomposing niche components reveals simultaneous effects of opposite deterministic processes structuring alpine small mammal assembly
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Data and code for: Nonlinear life table response analysis: Decomposing nonlinear and nonadditive population growth responses to changes in environmental drivers
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Data from: Faster than expected: Release of nitrogen and phosphorus from decomposing woody litter
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Decomposing an elevational gradient in predation by insectivorous birds
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