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22 results for “Defensive behaviour”
The neural basis of species-specific defensive behaviour in Peromyscus mice
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Figure 5. A in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 5. A, Composite image showing four successive positions (1-4) occupied by a female Plexippus paykulli on a vertical wall, near a stationary Eoophyla that was displaying its hindwings. Initially (1-2) this spider fed on a captured moth, but about 2 minutes later (3-4) it approached the Eoophyla from above. B, Detail of inset from (a).
Figure 3. A in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 3. A spider' view of a Eoophyla with elevated hindwings, from the front (A), and from a more lateral position (B-C). BC, Note that, with more direct illumination (C), reflection in the "eyes" of the salticid image on the hindwing can be seen.
Figure 2 in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 2. Eoophyla before (A) and after (B) raising its hindwings to display the image of a salticid in two directions, on a vertical wall.
Navigating the landscape of fear: Fruit flies exhibit distinct anti-predator and anti-parasite defensive behaviours
<p>Most organisms are at risk of being consumed by a predator or infected by a parasite at some point in their life. Theoretical constructs such as the landscape of fear (perception of risk) and non-consumptive effects (NCEs, costly responses sans predation or infection) have been proposed to describe and quantify anti-predator and anti-parasite responses. How prey/host species identify and respond to these risks determines their survival, reproductive success and, ultimately, fitness. Most studies to date have focused on either predator-prey or parasite-host interactions, yet habitats and ecosystems contain both parasitic and/or predatory species that represent a complex and heterogenous mosaic of risk factors. Here, we experimentally investigated the behavioural responses of a cactophilic fruit fly, <em>Drosophila nigrospiracula</em>, exposed to a range of species that include parasites (ectoparasitic mite), predators (jumping spiders), as well harmless heterospecifics (non-parasitic mites, ants and weevils). We demonstrate that D. nigrospiracula can differentiate between threat and non-threat species, increase erratic movements and decrease velocity in the presence of parasites, but decrease erratic movements and time spent grooming in the presence of predators. Of particular importance, flies could distinguish between parasitic female mites and non-parasitic male mites of the same species, and respond accordingly. We also show that the direction of these non-consumptive effects differ when exposed to parasitic mites (i.e., risk of infection) versus spiders (i.e., risk of predation). Given the opposing effects of predation versus infection risk on fly behaviour, we discuss potential trade-offs between parasite and predator avoidance behaviours. Our findings illustrate the complexity of risk assessment in a landscape of fear and the fine-tuned non-consumptive effects that arise in response. Moreover, this study is the first to examine these behavioural NCEs in a terrestrial system.</p>
Context‐dependent expression of variation in defensive behaviour in the lower termite Zootermopsis nevadensis
<p>Eusocial animals exhibit a sophisticated division of labour. The self-organized colony requires coordination of local interactions at the individual level. Termites are a well-known group exhibiting social organization among castes within a colony, and helper castes have facilitated their ecological and evolutionary success. Termites have soldier castes specialized in defence, but other castes are also known to exhibit defensive behaviour depending on the context. However, it is unclear how the variation in the frequencies of defensive behaviour emerged. Here, we investigate the effects of presence of nestmates on individual defensive behaviour in the dampwood termite <em>Zootermopsis nevadensis</em>. We experimentally prepared three conditions and observed biting behaviour against the ant <em>Camponotus obscuripes</em>. First, the frequency of biting was significantly higher in soldiers than that in pseudergates (i.e., workers) under isolated conditions. Second, the results showed that the frequencies of biting exhibited by soldiers were much higher than those of pseudergates in the pseudergate–soldier pairs. Finally, we investigated the social conditions in the presence of the same castes, that is, pseudergate–pseudergate and soldier–soldier pairs. The frequencies of biting exhibited by first-biting individuals were significantly higher than those exhibited by second-biting individuals in both paired conditions. Our findings demonstrate that defensive behaviour can be frequently observed in first-biting individuals despite the presence of two individuals of the same caste, suggesting that the variation of defensive behaviour may be increased in the presence of nestmates.</p>
Context‐dependent expression of variation in defensive behaviour in the lower termite Zootermopsis nevadensis
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Navigating the landscape of fear: Fruit flies exhibit distinct anti-predator and anti-parasite defensive behaviours
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Colony, subspecies and seasonal variability in honeybee defensive behaviour
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Figure 4 in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 4. Archetypal features displayed on the raised wings of Eoophyla (based on Hill 2022).
Figure 1 in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 1. Location of the study site at Simbalwara National Park in Himachal Pradesh. Satellite
Data from: Dynamics in brain activation and behaviour in acute and repeated social defensive behaviour
<p>In nature, confrontations between conspecifics are recurrent and related, in general, due to the lack of resources such as food and territory. Adequate defences against a conspecific aggressor are essential for the individual's survival and the group integrity. However, repeated social defeat is a significant stressor promoting several behavioural changes including social defence per se. What would be the neural basis of these behavioural changes? To build new hypotheses about this, we here investigate the effects of repeated social stress on the neural circuitry underlying motivated social defence behaviour in male mice. We observed that animals re-exposed to the aggressor three times spent more time in passive defence during the last exposure than in the first one. These animals also show less activation of the amygdalar and hypothalamic nuclei related to the processing of conspecific cues. In turn, we found no changes in the activation of the hypothalamic dorsal pre-mammillary nucleus (PMD) that is essential for passive defence. Therefore, our data suggest that the balance between the activity of circuits related to conspecific processing and the PMD determines the pattern of social defence behaviour. Changes in this balance may be the basis of the adaptations in social defence after repeated social defeat.</p>
Figure 3 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 3. Relationship between body size (SVL) and tail state (1 = intact tail; 0 = autotomised tail) of males and females of Coleodactylus meridionalis. The line is the relationship among variables as predicted by a Generalised Linear Model.
Figure 2 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 2. Series of defence behaviours of Coleodactylus meridionalis, in which individuals jump (arrows) and project their body laterally in an alternated way and in opposed direction to the stimulus (hands).
Figure 1 in Defensive behaviour and tail autotomy in Coleodactylus meridionalis (Squamata: Sphaerodactylidae)
Figure 1. Frequency of behaviours displayed by Coleodactylus meridionalis in an Atlantic Rain Forest fragment, Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil (n = 253).
FIG. 2 in Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
FIG. 2. Small aggregation of Goniosoma longipes on a cave wall at Parque Florestal do Itapetinga, South-east Brazil. Note the overlapping of legs. Scale bar = 2 cm.
FIG. 1 in Daily activity schedule, gregariousness, and defensive behaviour in the Neotropical harvestman Goniosoma longipes (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
FIG. 1. Activity schedule of Goniosoma longipes at Parque Florestal do Itapetinga, Southeast Brazil. The moon and the sun indicate dusk and dawn, respectively.
Data from: Dynamics in brain activation and behaviour in acute and repeated social defensive behaviour
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Figure 4 from: Tuf IH, Drábková L, Šipoš J (2015) Personality affects defensive behaviour of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea). In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9429
Figure 4 - Correlations between duration (in seconds) of TI of Porcellio scaber induced by the different treatments: a correlation between duration of TI induced by squeeze and drop b correlation between duration of TI induced by touch and drop c correlation between duration of TI induced by touch and squeeze. Data were transformed by decimal logarithm.
Figure 2 from: Tuf IH, Drábková L, Šipoš J (2015) Personality affects defensive behaviour of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Oniscidea). In: Taiti S, Hornung E, Štrus J, Bouchon D (Eds) Trends in Terrestrial Isopod Biology. ZooKeys 515: 159–171. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.515.9429
Figure 2 - Tonic immobility of Porcellio scaber induced by different treatments: a probability of inducing TI by the first, the second and the third treatment b probability of inducing TI by different treatments c endurance of TI following the first, the second and the third treatment d endurance of TI following different treatments e sensitivity, i.e. promptness of inducing TI by the first, the second and the third treatment f sensitivity, i.e. promptness of inducing TI by different treatments. (*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p ≤ 0.05)
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