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11 results for “Density-dependent dispersal”
Intersexual differences in density-dependent dispersal and their evolutionary drivers
Dispersal is well recognised as a major driver of evolutionary processes in local populations. Nevertheless, dispersal abilities should also be perceived as a life history trait, being subject to evolutionary changes in response to various drivers. Empirical studies investigating these drivers rarely consider that they may influence male and female dispersal differently. The purpose of our study was to document intersexual differences in density-dependent emigration from local habitat patches. As a model system we used a metapopulation of Maculinea (Phengaris) teleius butterfly, in which densities of both sexes vary greatly throughout the flying season. Following intensive mark-release-recapture surveys, the parameters and predictors of dispersal were analysed with the Virtual Migration model and the multi-state recapture model. The emigration rate in males was substantially higher in the early season, especially at smaller habitat patches. With the proportion of females increasing with the season progression, males became reluctant to emigrate from their natal patches. In turn, higher female emigration in the later part of the season was most strongly associated with female tendency to reduce intraspecific competition experienced by their offspring. Our findings provide evidence for the impact of reproductive strategies on dispersal in both sexes. The difference in reproductive strategies of males and females explain sex-biased dispersal in different parts of the season, which carries important implications for metapopulation functioning.
From seed dispersal service to reproductive collapse: density-dependent outcome of a palm-mammal interaction
<p>Interspecific ecological interactions are inherently context-dependent. They may vary in both magnitude and sign depending on the biotic and abiotic conditions, depicting a mutualism-antagonism continuum. However, how population abundances and the activity of interacting species modulate these interactions remains underexplored. Here, we chose the interaction between the Mediterranean palm <em>Chamaerops</em> <em>humilis</em> and the feral goat <em>Capra</em> <em>hircus</em> in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). We selected three study plots with low, intermediate and high intensities of goat activity where we characterized palm distribution, seed rain, seed predation, and early palm recruitment during two consecutive years. Since goats can cause both costs (e.g. florivory) and benefits (e.g. seed dispersal) to <em>C. humilis</em> performance, we investigated the following three questions: (1) Does the spatial distribution of adult palms vary depending on the intensity of goat activity? (2) Does the intensity of goat activity influence seed rain and its potential spatial association with adult palms? (3) To what extent does the intensity of goat activity determine post-dispersal events such as seed predation and seedling emergence? We found that adult palms showed a more clumped and complex distribution (double-cluster process) in plots with low and intermediate goat activity compared to that with high goat activity (simple-cluster process). In the low goat activity plot, dispersed seeds were spatially aggregated around adult palms, showing twice insect-seed predation and nearly three times lower seed germination success than those in the intermediate goat activity plot. Palm seed dispersal and recruitment were almost nil in the high goat activity plot due to heavy consumption of palm inflorescences and developing fruits by goats. Our findings demonstrate how the net outcome of plant-animal interactions can change from mutualism to antagonism, from reproductive service to reproductive collapse, depending on the abundance and the activity of the interacting species.</p>
From seed dispersal service to reproductive collapse: density-dependent outcome of a palm-mammal interaction
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Intersexual differences in density-dependent dispersal and their evolutionary drivers
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Model output data for "Negative density-dependent dispersal emerges from the joint evolution of density- and body condition-dependent dispersal strategies"
<p>Empirical studies have documented both positive and negative density-dependent dispersal, yet most theoretical models predict positive density dependence as a mechanism to avoid competition. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the occurrence of negative density-dependent dispersal, but few of these have been formally modeled. Here, we developed an individual based model of the evolution of density-dependent dispersal. This model is novel in that it considers the effects of density on dispersal directly, and indirectly through effects on individual condition. Body condition is determined mechanistically, by having juveniles compete for resources in their natal patch. We found that the evolved dispersal strategy was a steep, increasing function of both density and condition. Interestingly, although populations evolved a positive density-dependent dispersal strategy, the simulated metapopulations exhibited negative density-dependent dispersal. This occurred because of the negative relationship between density and body condition: high density sites produced low condition individuals that lacked the resources required for dispersal. Our model therefore generates the novel hypothesis that observed negative density-dependent dispersal can occur when high density limits the ability of organisms to disperse. We suggest that future studies consider how phenotype is linked to the environment when investigating the evolution of dispersal.</p>
Data from: Spatio-temporal dynamics of density-dependent dispersal during a population colonisation
Predicting population colonisations requires understanding how spatio-temporal changes in density affect dispersal. Density can inform on fitness prospects, acting as a cue for either habitat quality, or competition over resources. However, when escaping competition, high local density should only increase emigration if lower-density patches are available elsewhere. Few empirical studies on dispersal have considered the effects of density at the local and landscape scale simultaneously. To explore this, we analyze 5 years of individual-based data from an experimental introduction of wild guppies Poecilia reticulata. Natal dispersal showed a decrease in local density dependence as density at the landscape level increased. Landscape density did not affect dispersal among adults, but local density-dependent dispersal switched from negative (conspecific attraction) to positive (conspecific avoidance), as the colonisation progressed. This study demonstrates that densities at various scales interact to determine dispersal, and suggests that dispersal trade-offs differ across life stages.
Data from: Density-dependent dispersal strategy of pollinator moderates the adverse effect of habitat loss on plant reproduction
<p><span>1. </span><span>Major challenges for plant conservation are predicting the effect of habitat loss on pollination success and plant reproduction </span><span>potential</span><span>. Most studies report that pollinator movement is affected by quantitative and spatial characteristics of landscapes. However, little is known about the role of pollinator movement, impacted by floral volatiles and intraspecies interaction, on plant reproduction in fragmented landscapes.</span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>To clarify the effect of pollinator movement on plant reproduction </span><span>relative to </span><span>habitat loss, we developed an integrated model incorporating pollinator's foraging response with its </span><span>dispersal</span> <span>process mediated by a density-dependent dispersal (DDD) strategy</span><span>.</span> <span>This model</span> <span>performed better in capturing behaviorals response of pollinators than do current methods. The integrated model was verified with field results of pollinator visitation and plant reproduction of saltcedar (<em>Tamarix</em> <em>chinensis</em>) inhabiting the Yellow River Delta, and then was compared against a dispersal strategy called density-independent dispersal (DID). The model was applied to landscapes with various non-habitat percentage (<em>NHP</em>) to explore the effect of habitat loss on plant reproduction.</span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>Results suggested that saltcedar populations differ in their responses to habitat loss, which depended on the spatial scales considered. At landscape scale, increasing <em>NHP</em> significantly inhibited the dispersion extent of floral volatiles and therefore reduced pollinator visitation and subsequent seed production, especially when <em>NHP</em> exceeded the critical threshold of 0.6.</span> <span>However, at patch scale, comparing with DID strategy, the DDD strategy enabled pollinators to increase their utilization of flowers by 43.42% and 6.79% in low-density and distant plant patches, whereas their utilization was reduced by 7.75% and 2.24% in high-density and central patches, respectively. </span><span>Plant reproduction was improved correspondingly</span> <span>in low-density and distant patches under different <em>NHP</em>s.</span></p> <p><span>4. </span><span>Consequently, habitat loss inhibits the volatiles dispersion and interferes with the foraging success of pollinators, a major factor influencing plant reproduction at landscape scale. At patch scale, adaptive utilization of pollinators exhibiting DDD strategy alleviates the negative effect of habitat loss on plant production and maintains plant population persistence. Since pollinator behavioral response is critical to plant reproduction, we recommend the use of the here-presented integrated model to assess the impact of habitat loss on plant reproduction.</span></p>
Model output data for "Negative density-dependent dispersal emerges from the joint evolution of density- and body condition-dependent dispersal strategies"
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Data from: Density-dependent fitness, not dispersal movements, drives temporal variation in spatial genetic structure in dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis)
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Data from: Density-dependent dispersal strategy of pollinator moderates the adverse effect of habitat loss on plant reproduction
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Data from: Spatio-temporal dynamics of density-dependent dispersal during a population colonisation
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