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Fig. 3 in A glimpse at the ontogeny of the fossil neobatrachian frog Calyptocephalella canqueli from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 3. Frontoparietal and sculpturing development of australobatrachid frog Calyptocephalella canqueli Schaeffer, 1949 from Scarritt Pocket (A) and Puesto Baibián (B) localities, Deseadan, Argentina. A. FCEN−PV 14084, GS 35/36. B. MPEF−PV 1881, adult.

Fig. 6 in A glimpse at the ontogeny of the fossil neobatrachian frog Calyptocephalella canqueli from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 6. Pelvic girdle development of Calyptocephalella canqueli Schaeffer, 1949 from Scarritt Pocket locality, Deseadan (Oligocene), Argentina. A. FCEN−PV 14084, GS 35/36. B. AMNH 3401, GS 38/39. C. AMNH 3427, adult.

Fig. 2 in A glimpse at the ontogeny of the fossil neobatrachian frog Calyptocephalella canqueli from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 2. Tadpoles of australobatrachid frog Calyptocephalella canqueli Schaeffer, 1949 from Scarritt Pocket locality, Deseadan (Oligocene), Argentina. A. FCEN−PV 14084, GS 35/36. B. AMNH 3401, GS 38/39. Photographs (A1, B1) and outline drawings (A2, B2). PV, presacral vertebra. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0093

Fig. 5 in A glimpse at the ontogeny of the fossil neobatrachian frog Calyptocephalella canqueli from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 5. Pectoral girdle development of Calyptocephalella canqueli Schaeffer, 1949 from Scarritt Pocket (A, B) and Puesto Baibián (C) localities, Deseadan (Oligocene), Argentina. A. FCEN−PV 14084, GS 35/36. B. AMNH 3401, GS 38/39. C. MPEF−PV 1887 (scapula and coracoid) and MPEF−PV 1888 (clavicle), adult.

Fig. 1 in A glimpse at the ontogeny of the fossil neobatrachian frog Calyptocephalella canqueli from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 1. Location map showing the paleontological localities Scarritt Pocket and Puesto Baibián (Sarmiento Group, Deseadan) in Chubut, Argentina.

Fig. 4 in A glimpse at the ontogeny of the fossil neobatrachian frog Calyptocephalella canqueli from the Deseadan (Oligocene) of Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 4. Urostyle development of Calyptocephalella canqueli Schaeffer, 1949 from Scarritt Pocket (A, B) and Puesto Baibián (C) localities, Deseadan (Oligocene), Argentina. A. FCEN−PV14084, GS 35/36. B. AMNH 3401, GS 38/39. C. MPEF−PV 1885, adult. PV, presacral vertebra.

Fig. 6 in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 6. Comparative anatomy of dp4 and m1 of Sallamys spp. A, Right dp4 and m1 of S. quispea, sp. nov. (holotype, MUSM 1404), shown as a SEM micrograph (left) and a line drawing (right) to illustrate the terminology used in the text. (Terminology based on Patterson and Wood, 1982; and Candela, 1999: Abbreviations: hypf 5 hypoflexid; hyp-lophd 5 hypolophid; mesf 5 mesoflexid; post-lophid 5 posterolophid; prtcnd 5 protoconid.) B, is the right dp4 and m1 of PU 20909, Sallamys pascuali, in which the dp4 reflects the morphology of that of the holotype (Hoffstetter and Lavocat, 1970). C is a left dp4 and m1 (digitally reversed to appear as right) of Sallamys, cf. S. pascuali, UF 114458, in which the morphology of the dp4 is distinct from that of the holotype and referred specimen PU 20909 (see Patterson and Wood, 1982: fig. 5d, and text for discussion). Photo of PU 20909 º Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut.

Fig. 3 in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 3. Ar age spectra for the Sugarloaf biotite of Cerro Pan de Azúcar. TFA 5 total fusion age; WMPA

Fig. 7. Moqueguahippus glycisma. A, MUSM 676 in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 7. Moqueguahippus glycisma. A, MUSM 676, (left) left rostrum with I2-3, dC, C, dP1 and P2; (right) close up of dentition; and MUSM 964: B, left astragalus in (clockwise) dorsal, lateral, distal, and plantar views; C, right unciform in dorsal and distal views; and D, two manual ungual phalanges in dorsal view.

Fig. 5 in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 5. Holotype of Sallamys quispea, MUSM 1404. Micrographs provide views from four perspectives (occlusal [A], lateral [B], medial [C], and medial oblique [D]) as well as close ups of the occlusal surfaces of m1 (E) and dp4 (F).

Fig. 1 in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 1. Geologic map of the fossil localities of the upper Moquegua Formation. Based on: Bellido, E. and C. Guevara. 1961 (Mapa Geológico del Cuadrángulo de Clemensí, Carta Geológica Nacional y Instituto Geográfico Militar); Shockey et al., 2006: fig 1; and satellite images from Google Earth. Trachytheriine localities of Bolivia are indicated in insert map at upper right: Salla (Trachytherus alloxus); A, Lacayani (T. spegazzinianus); and B, Río Iru Pluma (T. subandinus).

Fig. 8. Trachytheriine autopodia. A in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 8. Trachytheriine autopodia. A, Nearly complete right manus of cf. Trachytherus spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); B, Carpal region of right manus of Trachytherus sp. (mid-sized species) (MUSM 963); C, right manus (missing digits and trapezoid) of trachytheriine, small indeterminate species, (MUSM 965); D, right pes (missing digits) cf. Trachytherus spegazzinanus of Moquegua (MUSM 668); E, line drawing of Trachytherus pes; and F, line drawing of Eutypotherium lehmannnitschei of Laguna Blanca, Chubut, Argentina (drawn from AMNH 14963, cast of a Museo de La Plata specimen).

Fig. 2 in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 2. Photo of the north face of the summit of Cerro Pan de Azúcar illustrating the lower region of the upper Moquegua Formation, including the Sugarloaf ash. (The boundary between the lower and upper Moquegua Formation is covered at this locale.) Note crew members hiking up the slopes for an impression of scale.

Fig. 4. Miscellaneous postcranial elements. A in Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú

Fig. 4. Miscellaneous postcranial elements. A, phorusrhacoid claw (MUSM 351), in lateral and plantar views; B, dasypodid osteoderm (MUSM 1604) from the articulating region of the carapace; C, macraucheniid metapodial (MUSM 349) in dorsal, lateral, and plantar views; and D, right cuboid (MUSM 669) in dorsal and medial views.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids

FIGURE 4. Manual elements of Trachytherus spp. A, Trachytherus ramirezi, right distal ulna and radius (with unfused radial epiphysis), carpals (missing trapezium and pisiform) and proximal metacarpals II–V (MUSM 963); B, right carpals (missing trapezoid and pisiform) and damaged Mc I–V (MUSM 965) of small indeterminate species of Moquegua; C, nearly complete right manus of cf. T. spegazzinianus (MUSM 668); left manus of T. alloxus (UF 91933, reversed to show as right). Abbreviations: cun, cuneiform; ln, lunate; Mc, metacarpal; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; sc, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium. Scale bar applies to all.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids

FIGURE 2. Holotype Trachytherus ramirezi sp. nov., MUSM 350. A, right lateral view of cranium and mandible; A', detail of external auditory region of A; B, skull in left lateral view to illustrate the damaged side, revealing the mesodont-to-hypsodont premolars, somewhat hypsodont (rooted) M1, and hypselodont M2–3; C, ventral view of skull and palate; and D, occlusal view of jaw and lower dentitions. Abbreviations: bc, braincase; crm, crista meatus; eam, external auditory meatus; ets, epitypmanic sinus; gf, glenoid fossa; msty, metastyle; pgp, post glenoid process; rtp, retrotympanic process; and smf, suprameatal fossa. Scale bar at D applies to all, except the slightly enlarged A'.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids

FIGURE 1. Map of South America showing the approximate locations of sites that have yielded remains of Oligocene mesotheriids: stars are to indicate locations of undescribed/unclassified Tinguirirican mesotheriid materials; octagons indicate the widely dispersed, Deseadan Trachytherus spegazzinianus; and diamonds indicate localities containing all other recognized species of Trachytherus (Deseadan). The dashed oval circumscribes the area we refer to as the "Bolivian Oroclinal Region," an area that contains all four recognized species of Trachytherus (see text for details). Background map modified from NASA image.

FIGURE 7 in A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids

FIGURE 7. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Mesotheriidae. Cladograms of A and B were based upon the phylogenetic analysis in this study for the early diverging, non-mesotheriine mesotheriids (without the Deltran optimization given fig. 6) combined with the analysis of Croft et al. (2004) for the Mesotheriinae (see also Flynn et al. 2003). That of A includes the "published mesotheriid" (PM) dataset only, whereas B, the "undescribed plus published mesotheriids (U+PM), includes undescribed Tinguirirican material. Question marks indicate the uncertainties of affinities of the Tinguirirican taxa and that of an indeterminate mesotheriine Colhuehuapian (see text). Lines from taxon to map of South America are to indicate the general region(s) from which the taxa are known. The reconstructions of ancestral area presented here are based on the single character coding strategy (see Material and Methods). The bold lines of the cladogram indicate the evolution of the BOR distribution on the tree, whereas thin stems indicate distribution in SSA (see text for comments).