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Figs 45–48 in Morphology Of Developmental Stages Of Philonthus Fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) With Notes On Biology

Figs 45–48. Ph. fumarius, imago. 45 = Habitus; 46-48 = aedeagus in dorsal aspect (46), lateral aspect (47) and ventral aspect (48).

Figs 29–32 in Morphology Of Developmental Stages Of Philonthus Fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) With Notes On Biology

Figs 29–32. Ph. fumarius, mature larva. 29 = Abdominal segment IX and X in dorsal aspect (Ug – urogomphus, 1, 2… – codes of setae); 30 = abdominal segment IX and X in ventral aspect (Ug – urogomphus, 1, 2… – codes of setae); 31 = abdominal segment IX and X in lateral aspect (Ug – urogomphus, A – microstructure of abdominal segment X); 32 = urogomphus (I, II – segments, 1,

Figs 24–28 in Morphology Of Developmental Stages Of Philonthus Fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) With Notes On Biology

Figs 24–28. Ph. fumarius, mature larva. 24 = pronotum (I) and mesonotum (II) (Cs – coeloconic sensillum); 25 = prothorax in ventral aspect (Cr – cervicosternum with microstructure [A], Sn – sternite); 26 = abdominal tergite I and II (a, b, c – pores, 1, 2… – codes of setae, Ca – coeloconic sensilla); 27 = abdominal segments I and II in lateral aspect (Ps – parasternite, Pt – paratergite, Sp – spiracle, St – sternite Te – tergite); 28 = abdominal sternite I and II (1, 2… – codes of setae, a, b, c –

Figs 20–23 in Morphology Of Developmental Stages Of Philonthus Fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) With Notes On Biology

Figs 20–23. Ph. fumarius, mature larva. 20 = Hypopharynx; 21 = labium in ventral aspect (Lg – ligula, Pmnt – prementum, Pl – labial palp, I-III – segments of labial palp); 22 = fore femur (Fe) and tibia (Tb) with tarsungulus (Tu) in anterior aspect (a, b – codes of pores, 1, 2, … – codes of setae); 23

Figs 10–14 in Morphology Of Developmental Stages Of Philonthus Fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) With Notes On Biology

Figs 10–14. Ph. fumarius, head, mature larva. 10 = Head in dorsal aspect (a–c – pores, E – epicranial part, Gl – gland, Gp – glandular pit, Na – nasale, P – posterior part, 1, 2. – codes of setae); 11 = head in ventral aspect (Ap – apotome, Tp – tentorial pit); 12 = apotome (Ap) and tentorial pits (Tp) (Gp - glandular pit); 13 = right antenna in dorsal aspect (I-IV – antennal segments); 14 = apical part of right antenna in dorsal aspect (Sa – sensory appendage, So – solenidia, III and IV – antennal segments)

Figs 36–44 in Morphology Of Developmental Stages Of Philonthus Fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) With Notes On Biology

Figs 36–44. Ph. fumarius, pupa. 36 = Microstructure of abdominal sternite; 37 = functional spiracles of third pair; 38, 39 = atrophied spiracles of abdominal segment VI (38) and VII (39); 40 = lateral cuticular structure of first abdominal tergite; 41 = lateral margin of abdominal segment IX in female; 42, 43 = terminal prolongation (Tp); 44 = apical part of ventral abdominal prolongation in female.

Figs 15–19 in Morphology Of Developmental Stages Of Philonthus Fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) With Notes On Biology

Figs 15–19. Ph. fumarius, head, mature larva. 15 = nasale in dorsal aspect (Mt – median tooth, Og – olfactory organ, Pmt – paramedian tooth); 16 = epipharynx; 17 = right mandible in dorsal aspect; 18 = right maxilla in dorsal aspect (Cd – cardo, Ma – mala, Pf – palpifer, Pm – maxillary palp, St – stipes, I–IV maxillary palp segments); 19 = anterior part of stipes in dorsal aspect (Ma – mala, Pf – palpifer, Pm – maxillary palp, St – stipes)

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FIGURES 30–32 in Developmental Biology among Corbiculate Bees: Bombus impatiens, Including Observations on Its Egg Eclosion

FIGURES 30–32. SEM micrographs of another hatching first instar of Bombus impatiens about halfway out of chorion, anterior end to right. 30. Rear of body showing disruption of chorion along spiracular line. 31. Close-up of destruction of inner layer of chorion along spiracular line identified by rectangle in figure 30. 32. Close-up of thorax and first abdominal segment demonstrating enlarged first thoracic spiracle compared with two following spiracles.

FIGURES 81–86 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 81–86. Macroptic photographs of last larval instar of Stelis ater. 81. Entire postdefecating form, lateral view. 82–84. Head of same, front, lateral, and ventral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 85. Entire early fifth instar, lateral view. 86. Posterior part of abdomen of another specimen, lateral view, showing segmentation of abdominal apex.

FIGURES 64–66 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 64–66. SEM micrographs of inner layer of Stelis ater cocoon. 64. Front end showing opening behind nipple. 65. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 64. 66. Rear of cocoon, to same scale as figure 65, showing lack of fenestrations. FIGURES 67–69. Radiographs of cocoon of Stelis ater with live larva, side view. 67. Entire cocoon. 68. Close-up of anterior end; for explanation, see text. 69. Slice of CT-scan anterior end.

FIGURES 52–57 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 52–57. SEM micrographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 52. Cross section of cocoon wall showing three layers. 53. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 52. Note non-fenestrated surface and thinness of inner layer in figs 52, 53. 54. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple removed from rest of cocoon showing nature of fabric. 55. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 54. 56. Under surface of outer layer of nipple removed from cocoon showing dense fibers. 57. Close-up of area identified by rectangle in figure 56, showing texture of fabric.

FIGURES 44–51 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 44–51. Microphotographs of cocoons of Stelis ater. 44. Inner surface of rear of cocoon cut longitudinally. 45. Entire cocoon, with outer lining removed from front end, revealing nearly black inner surface of nipple and middle layer of cocoon, lateral view. 46. Exterior surface of outer layer of nipple end, lateral view. 47. Interior surface of outer layer of nipple showing mass of silk fibers that surrounds and covers passageway to interior. 48. Inner layer of nipple with outer layer removed showing opening of passageway to rest of filter system, approximate lateral view. 49. Front view of opening to inner layer showing open passageway to screen

FIGURE 41 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURE 41. Early fifth instar of Stelis ater attacking fourth instar of Osmia chalybea. FIGURE 42. Wound (arrow) in same fourth instar caused by attack.

FIGURES 35–40 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 35–40. Immatures of Stelis ater. 35. Egg deep in provisions; eggs were encountered both in the provisions and on the front surface of the provisions, as discussed in text. 36. Early instar (arrow) deep in the provisions and feeding larva of Osmia chalybea (right) on front surface of provisions. 37. Egg of Stelis ater (arrow) and probable first instar of Osmia chalybea (left) on front surface of provisions with trachea now visible. 38. Same cell some time later with Stelis ater (arrow) now early feeding instar having not yet encountered Osmia chalybea, which has become an intermediate instar. 39. Early instar of Osmia chalybea being attacked simultaneously by two early instars of Stelis ater; one of which (arrow) is barely visible to the left of the others. Presumably one S. ater larva would later kill the other, since we never found more than one cocoon in a cell. 40. Two feeding early instars of Stelis ater (arrows) from eggs deposited deep in provisions.

FIGURES 73–77 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 73–77. SEM micrograph of anterior ends of eggs of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 73. Anterior pole of egg of O. chalybea. 74. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 73. 75. Close-up of micropylar disc of same. 76. Anterior pole of Stelis ater. 77. Micropylar area of same identified by rectangle in figure 76.

FIGURES 58–63 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 58–63. SEM micrographs of nipple end of cocoon of Stelis ater with outer layer of cocoon removed. 58. Part of nipple removed to expose passageway from tip of nipple to screened surface. 59. Close-up of screen forming base of chamber. 60. Part removed from nipple, showing texture of inner surface thought to result from larva pushing silk forward from inside the cocoon. 61–63. Close-ups of area identified by rectangles in figure 61, respectively; note changes in surface texture of silk, with silk of inner chamber shiniest.

FIGURES 18–22 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 18–22. Microphotographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea. 18. Inner surface of cocoon with cap of filter removed, cut longitudinally, showing white inner layer on anterior section fusing posteriorly with middle layer to produce dark semitransparent surface; note dark outer screen of nipple (pointer). 19. Front end viewed from inside, showing white silk of inner lining and inner screen (pointer). 20. Rear end viewed from inside, showing shiny, semitransparent inner surface with fecal streaks. 21. Front end of cocoon in early stages of construction viewed from inside, showing deposit of silk (pointer) that will make up hard cap of completed cocoon. 22. Front end of cocoon before inner lining applied, viewed from inside, showing undersurface of outer screen (pointer) before turning dark.

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 11–13. Osmia chalybea. 11. Photograph of adult female. 12. Microptic photograph of cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 13. Close-up of nipple of same with outer cocoon layer removed and cap pried up to show outer screen beneath, near lateral view. FIGURES 14–16. Stelis ater. 14. Photograph of adult female. 15. Microptic photograph of entire cocoon, front end up, lateral view. 16. Microphotograph of same, showing characteristic elongate fecal pellets, lateral view.

FIGURES 1–7 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 1–7. Trap nests used in the study of Osmia chalybea and Stelis ater. 1. Two trap nests deployed in the field. 2. Front end of U-shaped trap nest. 3. Front end of circular trap nest, showing circular openings to boreholes lined with paper straws and unlined; note that two exhibit nest closures. 4. U-shaped trap nest seen

FIGURES 33, 34 in Nesting and Developmental Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Stelis ater (Anthidiini) and Its Host, Osmia chalybea (Osmiini) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

FIGURES 33, 34. Radiographs of cocoons of Osmia chalybea, side view. 33. X-rayed cell containing mature larva surrounded by its cocoon. 34. Slice of CT scan of another cocoon showing anterior end of cocoon close to rear of preceding cell; note components of filter system at nipple although fine, loose silk not visible.