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Fig. 11 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 11. Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira & Rocha sp. nov. a. Preserved colony. b. Colony surface (arrow indicates the common cloacal aperture with lobes). c. Papillae on the colony surface. d. Spicules (large type). e. Abdomen with gonads, large arrow indicates the follicle (one follicle hidden) and the small arrow the sperm duct. f. Larva. Scale bars: e–f = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 10. Polysyncraton purou C. Monniot & F. Monniot, 1987 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 10. Polysyncraton purou C. Monniot & F. Monniot, 1987, with structures stained with hemalum (MNHN A2-843). a. Zooid with bifurcated atrial languet (arrow). b. Thorax with button-like atrial languet (big arrow) and muscular process (small arrow). c. Abdomen with gonads (large arrow indicates oocyte). d. Immature larva. e. Mature larva. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 8. Polysyncraton magnetae Hastings, 1931 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 8. Polysyncraton magnetae Hastings, 1931, type specimen (NHM 1930.12.17.46). a. Preserved colony. b. Cross section of the colony showing cavities found in the median region (arrows). c. Spicules. d. Cross section of a decalcified colony. Scale bars: a = 1 cm; c = 10 µm.

Fig. 9 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 9. Polysyncraton magnilarvum (Millar, 1962), stained with hemalum. a. Zooid (arrow pointing at atrial languet). b. Ventral view of the anterior region of the thorax (arrow indicating the lateral thoracic organ). c. Testis follicles (arrow indicating one lobe). d. Abdomen (arrow indicates the sperm duct) (MNHN A2-2466). e. Larva (MNHN A2-2467). Scale bars: a = 0.2 mm; c–e = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 7 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 7. Polysyncraton globosum Oliveira & Rocha sp. nov., Australia (NHM 1866.3.21.21). a. Preserved colony. b. Spicules. c. Thorax (big arrow indicates the lateral thoracic organ and small arrows the muscle fibers present on each side of the thorax). d. Abdomen. e–f. Larva stained with hemalum (the arrows in f indicate the membrane of the tail). Scale bars: b = 10 µm; c–d = 0.1 mm; e–f = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 6 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 6. Polysyncraton cabofriense Oliveira & Rocha sp. nov. (DZUP POSC-50). a. Colony in situ. b. Colony surface (arrows indicating common cloacal apertures with lobes). c. Spicules. d. Thorax stained (big arrow indicating the lateral thoracic organ and small arrow the atrial languet). e. Abdomen (arrow indicating the sperm duct coil). f. Larva. Scale bars: d–f = 0.1 mm. Photo (a) courtesy of L.S. Skinner.

Fig. 5 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood tree of species of Polysyncraton based on analysis of 16 sequences of mitochondrial COI. Numbers on or below branches represent the support value of the bootstrap for Maximum likelihood (> 70%) and posterior Bayesian probabilities (> 0.97). Abbreviations of Brazilian states are explained in Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 4. Polysyncraton amethysteum (Van Name, 1902), Brazil (DZUP DID-034, POSC-016; LIPY UFPB TUN-293). Structures stained with hemalum. a. Thorax, atrial languet (arrow). b. Abdomen showing the position of the testis (arrow). c–f. Larvae in Brazilian specimens from São Paulo (c) and Paraíba (d–f), different stages in the same colony (e–f). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 3. Polysyncraton amethysteum (Van Name, 1902), Paraíba, Brazil. a–b. Colonies in situ. c–d. Colony surface detail (arrow indicates one cloacal aperture) (DZUP POSC-14 and DZUP POSC-13, respectively). e. Cross section of the colony, with thin layer of spicules (arrow) (DZUP POSC-14). f. Spicules. Scale bars: e = 1 mm; f = 10 µm.

Fig. 2 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 2. Polysyncraton amethysteum (Van Name, 1902), Florida (USNM 17364). a. Thorax with bifurcated atrial languet (small arrow) and thoracic organ (big arrow). b. Stained abdomen, sperm duct with five coils (arrow). c. Detail of the testis with four follicles and sperm duct with four coils (arrow). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 12 in Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species

Fig. 12. Polysyncraton sp. a. Preserved colony. b. Thorax. c. Abdomen. Scale bars: a = 1 cm; b–c = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 5 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 5. Leptoclinides sp. (DZUP LEP-009). A. Preserved colony on algae. B. Detail of preserved colonies. C. Spicules. D. Thorax. E–F. Abdomen. Scale bars: A = 1 cm; B = 0.5 cm; D–F = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2. Leptoclinides latus F. Monniot, 1983 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 2. Leptoclinides latus F. Monniot, 1983 (DZUP LEP-008). A. Colony in situ. B. Surface detail indicating lobed oral siphons and smooth cloacae. C. Spicules. D. Thorax. E. Abdomen. F. Larva. Scale bars: D–F = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 1. Leptoclinides coronatus sp. nov., holotype (DZUP LEP-018). A. Colony in situ. B. Detail of the cloaca with lobes. C. Spicules. D. Thorax. E. Abdomen. F–G. Larvae in different stages in the same colony. Scale bars: D–G = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Leptoclinides (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae) from Brazil: new records and two new species

Fig. 3. Leptoclinides lotufoi sp. nov., holotype (ColBio Tun 1245). A. Preserved colony. B. Spicules under light microscope. C. Thorax. D. Abdomen. E. Larva. Scale bars: A = 0.5 cm; B = 30 µm; C–E = 0.1 mm.

Figure 4 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)

Figure 4. (A) Polysyncraton cuculliferum (QM G308715): larva. (B–D) Polysyncraton galaxum (SAM E3250): (B) thorax; (C) gut loop; (D) larva. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 2 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)

Figure 2. Leptoclinides minimus sp. nov. (WAM 30.84, holotype). (A) Thorax; (B) abdomen. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 9 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)

Figure 9. (A) Didemnum moseleyi (QM G308713): larva. (B, C) Didemnum plebeium sp. nov. (WAM 155.93, holotype): (B) thorax; (C) larva. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Figure 15 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)

Figure 15. Scanning electron micrographs of the calcareous spicules of: (A) Polysyncraton millepore (WAM 122.93); (B) Polysyncraton orbiculum (WAM 128.90); (C) Polysyncraton papyrus (SAM E3253); (D) Didemnum astrum (WAM 601.89); (E) Didemnum cilicium sp. nov. (SAM E3251, holotype); (F) Didemnum corium sp. nov. (SAM E3249, holotype); (G) Didemnum cygnuus (QM G308716); (H) Didemnum fragum (SAM E3266).

Figure 1 in New and little-known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea, Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)

Figure 1. (A, B) Leptoclinides frustus sp. nov. (SAM E3255, holotype): (A) vertical section through a common cloacal canal (semi-diagrammatic); (B) zooid. (C) Leptoclinides lissus (QM G308709): larva. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A); 0.1 mm (B, C).