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130 results for “Dietary restriction”
Data of "Pen mates' interactions, potential precursors of damaging behaviours, object manipulation, straw rooting, and primary activity: A detailed data set in undocked pigs under dietary protein restriction"
<p>Damaging behaviours, such as tail biting, are common problems in pig production, compromising animal welfare and causing economic losses. Detailed studies are impeded by the difficulty of directly observing these behaviours. Tail biting is a broader phenomenon that begins long before lesions manifest, and behavioural problems caused by various stressors present themselves weeks before they escalate to damaging behaviour, resulting in serious injuries. Therefore, detailed data on behaviours, which can be considered precursors of tail biting, such as oral and nasal manipulation of conspecifics, should be collected. The present data were collected in the course of a large study on the genetic potential of protein efficiency, in which the crude protein content in the diet was reduced to 80% of the recommendations. Dietary protein reduction is a promising way to reduce nitrogen emissions in pig manure, but its implications for animal welfare are not yet clear. Pigs differ phenotypically and genetically in their ability to utilise dietary proteins; therefore, there might be individual differences in how they cope with the protein reduction. Here, we present detailed data of focal observations of 95 pigs at an experimental farm with undocked tails that were fed a protein-reduced diet. Pigs were observed directly in their home pens for 5 min each on four different days. All actions directed towards objects in the pen, interactions with and confrontations among pen mates, and straw rooting behaviour and general activity were recorded. After the behavioural observations, wounds on different parts of the body and the cleanliness of the pigs were noted. The protein efficiency of 94 pigs was obtained. The data set comprises six tables. The first table contains information on the animals, including the identities of their parents, farrowing group, sex, and protein efficiency. The other data tables contain four 5-min observations of each pig on 10 object-manipulation behaviours; 150 interaction behaviours, including reactions; 14 confrontation behaviours and their outcomes and reactions; 10 mounting behaviours, including reactions; two rooting behaviours; seven basic behaviours; and an index of general activity. The observations took place under comparatively good housing conditions. Pigs were not tail-docked and were given fresh straw daily, <em>ad libitum</em> access to feed, floor space above the legal requirements (only a partially slatted floor), and daily cleaning of pens, and they were closely monitored for signs of damaging behaviour; all of these are favourable conditions as they limit stress and the risk of damaging behaviour. These data can be used to further explore the relationships of specific behaviours and phenomena and their association with protein efficiency. The ethogram can be used as a template for further observations. Practitioners could use the data to support pigs’ need for occupation, such as by providing sufficient straw.</p>
Data from: Dietary restriction fails to extend life in stressful environments
<ol> <li>Moderate dietary restriction often prolongs life in laboratory animals, and this response has been interpreted as an adaptive strategy that promotes survival during famine. However, dietary restriction can also increase frailty, and it therefore remains unclear whether restricted diets prolong life under stressful conditions like those experienced by wild animals. </li> <li>We manipulated adult dietary protein of <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em> across a gradient of ambient temperature and examined effects on survival. To test for trade-offs, we also quantified the reproduction, and performance of F1, F2 and F3 descendants.</li> <li>We found that protein restriction increased longevity of one or both sexes at benign ambient temperatures (25°C, 27°C) but failed to extend longevity of flies maintained in cold (21°C, 23°C) or hot (29°C) conditions. Instead, in females, protein restriction resulted in strongly elevated mortality at cold temperatures. Protein restriction also generally reduced reproductive performance and did not consistently enhance performance of F1, F2 or F3 descendants. </li> <li>Taken together, our results challenge the long-held idea that extended longevity of diet-restricted laboratory animals represents an adaptive survival strategy in natural populations. Our findings suggest instead that this response is an artefact of benign laboratory conditions, and that DR-induced life extension might not be achieved in the more stressful conditions experienced in the wild. </li> </ol>
Data from: Dietary restriction fails to extend life in stressful environments
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Data from: Morphological and physiological consequences of a dietary restriction during early life in bats
<p>Early life adverse conditions can have major consequences on an individual's life history traits. Oxidative stress has been hypothesized to be one main mechanism underlying the negative consequences of early life adverse conditions. To test this hypothesis, we restricted the food availability of Seba's short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata) mothers of unweaned pups for 10 days, followed by ad libitum provisioning. We also had a control, unrestricted group. We explored the morphological consequences of dietary restriction during early life by measuring growth rate. We also measured four markers of blood oxidative balance during growth. We assessed the level of cortisol, and its inactive form cortisone, in the hair of the pups at the end of growth. Finally, we monitored survival during the first year. Food restriction triggered a slowdown in growth followed by catch-up growth when ad libitum feeding was restored which did not lead to full compensation in size or mass compared to control individuals. We found that higher growth rate was associated with elevated oxidative damage, suggesting an oxidative cost to growth.However, we found no clear evidence for physiological costs specific to the catch-up growth. Survival after a year was not impacted by the treatment, the oxidative balance or the level of glucocorticoids at the end of growth. In conclusion, our results show that individuals were able to efficiently mitigate the short-term consequences of adverse early life conditions. However, consequences might arise on the long-term, and could impact reproductive success or lifespan.</p>
Data From: Dietary restriction extends lifespan across different temperatures in the fly
<p>Dietary restriction (DR) has been consistently shown to extend lifespan across a range of taxa. However, recent findings question the universality of the DR longevity response, suggesting DR may not extend lifespan at lower temperatures in flies, and that the DR longevity response is an artifact of benign laboratory conditions. </p> <p>We re-test this hypothesis, measuring the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster at the lab-standard 25°C, and at colder temperatures (18°C and 21°C) across a range of 5 diets. </p> <p>We found the DR longevity response to be robust, extending lifespan irrespective of temperature. Fecundity was measured as a positive control for the DR phenotype, and it was found that DR reduced egg laying.</p> <p>We suggest results that question DR as a phenotype should not be overinterpreted readily, as variations in the experimental setup, genetic lines used, and diet-lifespan reaction norm may be responsible for discrepancies. Additionally, starting conditions that show a lifespan extension by DR and then changing the environment and/or genotype promises a more robust test of DR modulating factors.</p>
Data from: Sex-specific effects of dietary restriction on physiological variables in Japanese quails
<p>Nutritional limitation is a common phenomenon in nature that leads to trade-offs among processes competing for limited resources. These trade-offs are mediated by changes in physiological traits such as growth factors and circulating lipids. However, studies addressing the sex-specific effect of nutritional deficiency on these physiological variables are limited in birds. We used dietary restriction to mimic the depletion of resources to various degrees and investigated sex-specific effects on circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and triglycerides in Japanese quails (<em>Coturnix japonica</em>) subjected to <em>ad libitum</em>, 20%, 30% or 40% restriction of their daily requirement, for two weeks. We also explored the association of both physiological variables with body mass and egg production. While dietary restriction showed no effects on circulating IGF-1, this hormone exhibited a marked sexual difference, with females having 64.7% higher IGF-1 levels than males. Dietary restriction significantly reduced plasma triglyceride levels in both sexes. Females showed more than six-fold higher triglyceride levels than males. Triglyceride levels were positively associated with body mass in females while showed not association in males. Overall, our findings revealed sex-specific expression of physiological variables under dietary restriction conditions, which coincide with body size.</p>
The maternal effects of dietary restriction on Dnmt expression and reproduction in two clones of Daphnia pulex
<p>The inheritance of epigenetic marks induced by environmental variation in a previous generation is broadly accepted as a mediator of phenotypic plasticity. Transgenerational effects linking maternal experiences to changes in morphology, gene expression, and life history of successive generations are known across many taxa. While the number of studies linking epigenetic variation to ecological maternal effects is increasing rapidly, few if any attempts have been made to investigate molecular mechanisms governing epigenetic functions in the context of ecologically relevant maternal effects. <em>Daphnia</em> make an ideal model for investigating molecular epigenetic mechanisms and ecological maternal effects because they will reproduce asexually in the lab. <em>Daphnia</em> are also known to have strong maternal effects, involving a variety of traits and environmental variables. Using two clones of <em>Daphnia</em> <em>pulex</em>, we investigated the plasticity of life history and DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) gene expression with respect to food limitation within- and across-generations. We found strong evidence of genotypic variation of responses of life history and Dnmt expression to low food diets, both within- and across-generations. In general, effects of offspring diet were larger than either the direct maternal effect or offspring-maternal environment interactions, but the direction of the maternal effect was usually in the opposite direction of the within-generation effect. For both life history and Dnmt expression, we also found that when offspring had low food, effects of the maternal environment were stronger than when offspring had high food.</p>
Data for: Endogenous DAF-16 spatiotemporal activity quantitatively predicts lifespan extension induced by dietary restriction
<p>In many organisms, dietary restriction (DR) leads to lifespan extension through the activation of cell protection and pro-longevity gene expression programs. In the nematode <em>C. elegans</em>, the DAF-16 transcription factor is a key aging regulator that governs the Insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway and undergoes translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of cells when animals are exposed to food limitation. However, how large is the influence of DR on DAF-16 activity, and its subsequent impact on lifespan has not been quantitatively determined. In this work, we assess the endogenous activity of DAF-16 under various DR regimes by coupling CRISPR/Cas9-enabled fluorescent tagging of DAF-16 with quantitative image analysis and machine learning. Our results indicate that DR regimes induce strong endogenous DAF-16 activity, although DAF-16 is less responsive in aged individuals. DAF-16 activity is in turn a robust predictor of mean lifespan in <em>C. elegans</em>, accounting for 78% of its variability under DR. Analysis of tissue-specific expression aided by a machine learning tissue classifier reveals that, under DR, the DAF-16 influence on lifespan extension mainly originates from the intestine and neurons. DR also drives DAF-16 activity in unexpected locations such as the germline and intestinal nucleoli.</p>
Effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension(DASH) Sodium-restricted Diet in Diastolic Heart Failure
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00939640. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 11.
The maternal effects of dietary restriction on Dnmt expression and reproduction in two clones of Daphnia pulex
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Data from: Metabolic and immunological responses of Drosophila melanogaster to dietary restriction and bacterial infection differ substantially between genotypes in a population
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Data from: Morphological and physiological consequences of a dietary restriction during early life in bats
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Transgenerational fitness effects of lifespan extension by dietary restriction in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Data From: Dietary restriction extends lifespan across different temperatures in the fly
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Data from: Sex-specific effects of dietary restriction on physiological variables in Japanese quails
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Data for: Endogenous DAF-16 spatiotemporal activity quantitatively predicts lifespan extension induced by dietary restriction
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Dietary Restriction Improves Fitness of Aging Parents But Reduces Fitness of Their Offspring in Nematodes
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Data from: Evolution under dietary restriction increases male reproductive performance without survival cost
Dietary restriction (DR), a reduction in nutrient intake without malnutrition, is the most reproducible way to extend lifespan in a wide range of organisms across the tree of life, yet the evolutionary underpinnings of the DR effect on lifespan are still widely debated. The leading theory suggests that this effect is adaptive and results from reallocation of resources from reproduction to somatic maintenance in order to survive periods of famine in nature. However, such response would cease to be adaptive when DR is chronic and animals are predicted to allocate more resources to reproduction. Nevertheless, chronic DR can also increase the strength of selection resulting in the evolution of more robust genotypes. We evolved Drosophila melanogaster fruitflies on 'DR', 'standard' and 'high' adult diets in replicate populations with overlapping generations. After ~25 generations of experimental evolution, male 'DR' flies had higher fitness than males from 'standard' and 'high' populations. Strikingly, this increase in reproductive success did not come at a cost to survival. Our results suggest that sustained DR selects for more robust male genotypes, which are overall better able to convert resources into energy, which they allocate mostly to reproduction.
Data from: Testing evolutionary explanations for the lifespan benefit of dietary restriction in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
<p>Dietary restriction (DR), limiting calories or specific nutrients without malnutrition, extends lifespan across diverse taxa. Traditionally, this lifespan extension has been explained as a result of diet-mediated changes in the trade-off between lifespan and reproduction, with survival favoured when resources are scarce. However, a recently proposed alternative suggests that the selective benefit of the response to DR is the maintenance of reproduction. This hypothesis predicts that lifespan extension is a side effect of benign laboratory conditions, and DR individuals would be frailer and unable to deal with additional stressors, and thus lifespan extension should disappear under more stressful conditions. We tested this by rearing outbred female fruit flies (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>) on 10 different protein:carbohydrate diets. Flies were either infected with a bacterial pathogen (<i>Pseudomonas entomophila</i>), injured with a sterile pinprick or unstressed. We monitored lifespan, fecundity and measures of ageing. DR extended lifespan and reduced reproduction irrespective of injury and infection. Infected flies on lower protein diets had particularly poor survival. Exposure to infection and injury did not substantially alter the relationship between diet and ageing patterns. These results do not provide support for lifespan extension under DR being a side effect of benign laboratory conditions.</p>
Data from: Genetic perturbation of key central metabolic genes extends life span in Drosophila and affects response to dietary restriction
There is a connection between nutrient inputs, energy-sensing pathways, lifespan variation and aging. Despite the role of metabolic enzymes in energy homeostasis and their metabolites as nutrient signals, little is known about how their gene expression impacts lifespan. In this report, we use P-element mutagenesis in Drosophila to study the effect on lifespan of reductions in expression of seven central metabolic enzymes, and contrast the effects on normal diet and dietary restriction. The major observation is that for five of seven genes, the reduction of gene expression extends lifespan on one or both diets. Two genes are involved in redox balance, and we observe that lower activity genotypes significantly extend lifespan. The hexokinases also show extension of lifespan with reduced gene activity. Since both affect the ATP/ADP ratio, this connects with the role of AMP-activated protein kinase as an energy sensor in regulating lifespan and mediating caloric restriction. These genes possess significant expression variation in natural populations, and our experimental genotypes span this level of natural activity variation. Our studies link the readout of energy state with the perturbation of the genes of central metabolism and demonstrate their effect on lifespan.
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