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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

Ebutius Dilemma characters audio narrative files

Audio files for Ebutius and Calle characters and for narrator created for the onsite and virtual verson of EMOTIVE project Ebutius's Dilemma experience, created for the Antonine Wall Gallery of the Hunterian Museum. More information can be found here: https://emotiveproject.eu/index.php/what-we-do/experiences/

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

Ebutius's Dilemma story / character narratives script

The EMOTIVE experience "Ebutius's Dilemma" script. The experience was created for the Antonine Wall Gallery of the Hunterian Museum. More information can be found here: https://emotiveproject.eu/index.php/what-we-do/experiences/

Figure 2. Monacon gawai n in On the horns of a dilemma: toward a better understanding of the Monacon species (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae) of Borneo

Figure 2. Monacon gawai n.sp. (a) Lateral habitus. (b) Dorsal habitus. (c) Head, frontal. (d) Head, dorsal. (e) Head oblique. (f) Lateral pronotum and prepectus. (g) Scutellum, lateral view. (h) Metasoma and ovipositor, lateral view (Inset: apex of ovipositor, dorsal view). (a, b, f, g) Holotype, ROME176835. (c) Paratype, ROME179712. (d, e) Paratype, ROME139712. (h) Paratype, ROME179752.

Figure 4 in On the horns of a dilemma: toward a better understanding of the Monacon species (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae) of Borneo

Figure 4. Micro-CT images of Monacon gawai n.sp. (ROME179753) (a) Lateral view of body. (b) Cutaway view of head, showing inner structure of horn. (c) Cross-section of abdomen with eggs. For interactive pdf see supplementary data.

Figure 3 in On the horns of a dilemma: toward a better understanding of the Monacon species (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae) of Borneo

Figure 3. Monacon species comparisons. (a) M. modestum Bouček. Holotype and labels (Insets, Monacon gawai n.sp. Above, fore wing (Paratype ROME179712); Below, lateral mesosoma (Paratype ROME179735)). (b and c) Monacon gawai n.sp., fore wing and venation. (b) Paratype female. (c) Female from Gunung Buda (Note: thickened band below marginal vein).

Figure 1 in On the horns of a dilemma: toward a better understanding of the Monacon species (Hymenoptera: Perilampidae) of Borneo

Figure 1. Fieldwork at Nanga Delok longhouse. (a) Cut log of Baccaurea motleyana behind the Iban longhouse. (b) Log with pinhole borer wood and frass piles (white patches). (c) Bark plug removed, tunnels into heartwood. (d) Monacon female, investigating sawdust and frass. (e) Cutting discs for log dissections. (f) Pinhole borer galleries and blue stain fungi in heartwood. (g) Pinhole borer larva and pupa. (h) Pinhole borer larva and adult dissected from heartwood. Note blue staining of heartwood in (g and h).

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Timing uncertainty in collective risk dilemmas encourages group reciprocation and polarization

Social dilemmas are often shaped by actions involving uncertain returns only achievable in the future, such as climate action or voluntary vaccination. In this context, uncertainty may produce non-trivial effects. Here, we assess experimentally — through a collective risk dilemma — the effect of timing uncertainty, i.e. how uncertainty about when a target needs to be reached affects the participants' behaviours. We show that timing uncertainty prompts not only early generosity but also polarised outcomes, where participants' total contributions are distributed unevenly. Furthermore, analysing participants' behaviour under timing uncertainty reveals an increase in reciprocal strategies. A data-driven game-theoretical model captures the self-organizing dynamics underpinning these behavioural patterns. Timing uncertainty thus casts a shadow on the future that leads participants to respond early, while reciprocal strategies appear to be important for group success. Yet, the same uncertainty also leads to inequity and polarisation, necessitating the inclusion of new incentives handling these societal issues.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Participant Faces from a Repeated Prisoner's Dilemma

The authors (ES and TS) conducted a computerized laboratory experiment in an experimental economics laboratory using a modified Prisoner’s Dilemma known as Friend or Foe (e.g. see List, 2006. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 88(3), 463-471). 96 young adults aged 18 to 25 years old (51 men, 45 women) gave permission to be video recorded at intervals throughout the experimental procedure under standardized videographic conditions and for their recordings and experiment data to be made available for later research. All individuals video recorded were students at Chapman University in Orange, CA. We provide a dataset described below based on behavioral game and survey data collected from participants over a computer network, media from video recordings, and media analysis measures. Description of Experimental Task: Participants were provided a printed copy of the instructions (Instructions.pdf) explaining the following experimental procedure. Participants were randomly paired with one other person, with whom they anonymously interacted over a computer network throughout the experimental session. Participants were told that at no time would their or other participants’ true identity or videorecorded images be revealed to participants in the experiment session. Participants were told to expect a minimum of two rounds of game interactions with possibility for more rounds. Each round required the participants to first privately state their (non-binding) intention for the camera, saying either  “I intend to Split” or “I intend to Take All” (which we videorecorded, see Media: Videos of Stated Intent), then to choose an interaction strategy (either “Split” or “Take All”). Each round we provided participants the results of their pair’s game interaction on their computer screens. We videorecorded participants discovery, viewing, and reaction to the interaction results (see Media: Videos of Viewed Results). After the last round of interaction, we collected response data using an exit survey. Game and Survey Data: Data includes participants’ stated intent and game behavior for each round, emotional reactions (each on a scale of 1 to 5) self-reported after learning the results of each round (measured with a modified 20 item PANAS), and the following data collected during an exit survey: responses (each on a scale of 0 to 4) to six questions used for scoring the Revised Life Orientation Test (from Scheier et al., 1994. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078), age, gender, first language, and English language fluency. Media: Videos of participants were taken using computer display mounted Logitech C920 1080P HD digital cameras, at computer terminals in individual cubicles. The cameras were aimed at participants who sat against a background of either a gray carpeted cubicle or a brown wall under standardized diffuse lighting conditions. For video recordings in this data set, participants were instructed to wear microphone-earphone headsets, to keep hair away from their face, and to sit upright and look at the computer screen they were facing. Camera-to-head distance was controlled by the cubicle space and chair position, and factory default camera settings were held constant. Video of Stated Intent. 204 eight-second videos with audio were taken after an on-screen prompt instructed participants to make a spoken non-binding statement of intent. During this phase, we played grey noise over a public address system that masked ambient sound from beyond the individual cubicle within which the video recording equipment was situated. In combination with well insulated over-ear headphones worn by participants, the grey noise was helpful for preventing interference or leakage of other participants’ statements. Video of Viewed Results. 204 eight-second videos with audio were taken that capture the moment of participants discovery, viewing, and reaction to the interaction results. The interaction results appear and remain visible to participants on their computer screens from around 2.5 seconds (no earlier than 2 seconds) into the 8 second videos. Thin Slice Video. 204 videos (two to three seconds in length) without audio were trimmed from full Videos of Stated Intent. These thin slice videos capture the 2-3 second interval directly following the concluded stated intent. Photograph. 204 photographs (640 x 480 pixel .jpg files, 24 Bit depth) including a participant’s full face were captured from video using the VLC media player (3.0.11) “snapshot” tool. Media Analysis Measures: Stated Intent. The particular statement of intent (either “I intend to Split” or “I intend to Take All”) unambiguously recognized by the authors upon inspection of the sound and appearance of each Video of Stated Intent’s recorded statement, is noted in the attached Media.csv file. Skin Coloration in Photographs. Using Adobe Photoshop 2020, skin patches (51 × 51 pixels) were selected from the left and right cheeks of each photograph face image. These cheek areas were selected so that they included only skin surfaces but never the edge of a face, ears, lips, or eyelashes. The light (L*),red (a*), and yellow(b*) values that are relevant to human color perception were then measured by centering a "color sampler tool" in Photoshop that averaged over a 51x51 pixel area the CIELab color space values. L*,a*,b* values for right and left cheeks in Photographs are noted in the attached Media.csv file. Facial Width to Height in Photographs: To measure facial width to height ratio (fWHR) in photographs, we used tools in Photoshop 2020: first we rotated the photos as necessary using image rotation so that pupils were levelled horizontally, we record the degree of positive or negative rotation used, then we used the frame tool to measure the upperface “height” distance between the upper edge of upper lip and lower edge of brows and the “width” distance between left and right zygion (byzygomatic width) of face images. These methods are consistent with Carre and McCormick (2008, Proceedings of the Royal Society B‐ Biological Sciences, 275, 2651–2656.) methods for measuring the height of upperface and byzygomatic width of face images. The facial width and height in Photographs are noted in the attached Media.csv file. Data and files: We provide audio-video and image files of Media along with the open-access .csv files detailed below. The above data is organized by the following three data structures in .csv file format. Fields.csv is an open-access file includes Game and Survey Data organized by participants and rounds in the experiment. Fields_codebook.csv is a codebook explaining the column headers and participants’ data in the Fields.csv file. Media.csv is an open-access file that catalogues the names and types of Media files provided and includes Media Analysis Measures. Media_codebook.csv is a codebook explaining column headers and participants’ data in the Media.csv file. MappingFile.csv is a restricted file linking the participant data in the Fields.csv and Media.csv files. Please contact the authors for this access to this key at <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4321814">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4321814</a> if you plan to work at the intersection of these data or replicate published work based on these data. Instructions.pdf is the instructions document provided to all participants in the experiment from which the above data was collected.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Replication package: Dataset and stata-do-file for analysis in "Intragroup communication in social dilemmas: An artefactual public good field experiment in small-scale communities"

This dataset was used for the analysis in "Intragroup communication in social dilemmas: An artefactual public good field experiment in small-scale communities". The data was collected in Namibia in 2017 as part of the SASSCAL research project by Nils Christian Hoenow and Adrian Pourviseh as members of the Chair for Development and Cooperative Economics at the University of Marburg. Funded by the Southern African Science Service Center for Climate Change and Adaptive Land-UseManagement (SASSCAL) through the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (Grant No. 01LG1201B).   Article Title: Intragroup communication in social dilemmas: An artefactual public good field experiment in small-scale communities  Authors: Nils Christian Hoenow* and Adrian Pourviseh**   *RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, Essen, Germany and & School of Business and Economics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany **School of Business and Economics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Abstract:  Communication is well-known to increase cooperation rates in social dilemma situations, but the exact mechanisms behind this remain largely unclear. This study examines the impact of communication on public good provisioning in an artefactual field experiment conducted with 216 villagers from small, rural communities in northern Namibia. In line with previous experimental findings, we observe a strong increase in cooperation when face-to-face communication is allowed before decision-making. We additionally introduce a condition in which participants cannot discuss the dilemma but talk to their group members about an unrelated topic prior to learning about the public good game. It turns out that this condition already leads to higher cooperation rates, albeit not as high as in the condition in which discussions about the social dilemma are possible. The setting in small communities also allows investigating the effects of pre-existing social relationships between group members and their interaction with communication.We find that both types of communication are primarily effective among socially more distant group members, which suggests that communication and social ties work as substitutes in increasing cooperation. Further analyses rule out better comprehension of the game and increased mutual expectations of one’s group members’ contributions as drivers for the communication effect. Finally, we discuss the role of personal and injunctive norms to keep commitments made during discussions.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Evolution of conditional cooperation in collective-risk social dilemma with repeated group interactions

The question of how cooperation evolves and is sustained over time has been a long-standing and unresolved issue in the fields of evolutionary biology and social sciences. Previous theoretical and experimental research based on the collective-risk social dilemma game has revealed the risk that the failure of collective goals will affect the evolution of cooperation. Considering that in the real world individuals usually adjust their decisions based on environmental factors such as risk intensity and cooperation level, it is still not well understood how such conditional behaviors affect the evolution of cooperation in repeated group interactions scenario from a theoretical perspective. Here, we construct an evolutionary game model with repeated interactions, in which defectors decide whether to cooperate in subsequent rounds of the game based on whether the risk exceeds their tolerance threshold and whether the number of cooperators exceeds the collective goal in the early rounds of the game. We find that the introduction of conditional cooperation strategy can effectively promote the emergence of cooperation, especially when the risk is low. In addition, the risk threshold significantly affects the evolutionary outcomes. Furthermore, our results confirm that a high risk can promote the emergence of cooperation. Importantly, when the risk exceeds the tolerance threshold, timely adjustment of strategies by conditional cooperators is beneficial for maintaining high-level cooperation.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Overcoming the Probing-Depth Dilemma in Spectroscopic Analyses of Batteries with Muon-Induced X-ray Emission (MIXE)

Datasets used in the publication "Overcoming the Probing-Depth Dilemma in Spectroscopic Analyses of Batteries with Muon-Induced X-ray Emission (MIXE)". fig_2: MIXE spectra of (a) an empty laminated Al pouch, (b) a Li metal foil in a laminated Al pouch, (c) a NMC622 electrode in a laminated Al pouch fig_3: MIXE spectrum of a NMC811 electrode in a laminated Al pouch, measured at 23.8 MeV/c fig_4b: Muon stopping profile simulated using PHITS for the cell geometry depicted in Figure 4a of the main manuscript fig_4c: Depth-resolved MIXE spectra of a NMC811||graphite Li-ion battery. Raw data at the 11 momenta measured, and table with the integrated peak areas for selected (K-L) lines. Update in version 2: raw datasets now have one energy column for each momentum. The datasets are of different lengths for each momentum and there was and error in copying the data in version 1.    fig_4c: Table with calculated elemental ratios of the different transition metals (Ni, Mn and Co), at the momenta corresponding to implantation in the NMC811 electrode fig_s2: MIXE spectrum of a NMC622 electrode in a laminated Al pouch, measured at 23.0 MeV/c fig_s3: MIXE spectrum of a NMC111 electrode in a laminated Al pouch, measured at 22.8 MeV/c fig_s4_s5_simulations: Raw data of the muon implantation simulations for the NMC811/graphite cell  Update in version 2: added fig_s4_s5_simulations file   fig_s6: Labelled MIXE spectra (all peaks identified) of a NMC811 electrode in a laminated Al pouch, measured at 24.0, 26.0 and 28.0 MeV/c

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Figures 2–5 in First record of the orchid bee Euglossa dilemma (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Hispaniola, the Antilles

Figures 2–5. Males of Euglossa dilemma in the Cordillera Septentrional, Dominican Republic. 2–3) Gathering compounds from basil aromatic leaves (Ocimum basilicum). 4) Group collecting fragrances. 5) Attracted to a tissue containing clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum), placed in the basil plant area. Photos: Lisa McDowell Johnson.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Figure 1 in First record of the orchid bee Euglossa dilemma (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Hispaniola, the Antilles

Figure 1. Map of Hispaniola showing the occurrence point (latitude 19.644207, longitude −70.857325) of Euglossa dilemma in the Cordillera Septentrional of Dominican Republic.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Experimental data: Inferring strategies from observations in long iterated prisoner's dilemma experiments

While many theoretical studies have revealed the strategies that could lead to and maintain cooperation in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, less is known about what human participants actually do in this game and how strategies change when being confronted with anonymous partners in each round. Previous attempts used short experiments, made different assumptions of possible strategies, and led to very different conclusions. We present here two long treatments that differ in the partner matching strategy used, i.e. fixed or shuffled partners. Here we use unsupervised methods to cluster the players based on their actions and then Hidden Markov Model to infer what are those strategies in each cluster. Analysis of the inferred strategies reveals that fixed partner interaction leads to a behavioral self-organization. Shuffled partners generate subgroups of strategies that remain entangled, apparently blocking the self-selection process that leads to fully cooperating participants in the fixed partner treatment. Analyzing the latter in more detail shows that AllC, AllD, TFT- and WSLS-like behavior can be observed. This study also reveals that long treatments are needed as experiments less than 25 rounds capture mostly the learning phase participants go through in these kinds of experiments.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2018View details →

Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Best response data for games of length 200

Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma Best response data for games of length 200, generated by a genetic algorthm. The opponents listed are the ones found in the Axelrod Pyhton library. This data was generated as part of a final year BSc project which can be found here: https://github.com/GitToby/FinalYearProject/ The report can be found here: https://github.com/GitToby/FinalYearProject/blob/master/LaTeX/tex/main.pdf

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Spread and distribution of the naturalized orchid bee Euglossa dilemma in Florida

Fig. 2. Spread of Euglossa dilemma in Florida from the first detection in Broward County in 2003 to much of central Florida by 2022. County names appear on the map illustrating the first occurrence of the bee in the county during that time period. Locality data are from collection and identification records the Florida State Collection of Arthropods in Gainesville from 2003 to 2022, and iNaturalist observations 2015 to 2022.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Spread and distribution of the naturalized orchid bee Euglossa dilemma in Florida

Fig. 1. Current distribution of Euglossa dilemma in Florida. Red dots are collection and identification record localities from the Florida State Collection of Arthropods from 2003 to 2022. Blue dots are iNaturalist observations from 2015 to 2022. Gray shading is the predicted potential distribution by the Maxent model (Hinojosa-Díaz et al. 2009).

publicMay 2022View details →

Experimental data: Inferring strategies from observations in long iterated prisoner’s dilemma experiments

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