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FIGURE 5 in Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 5. Diploptera maculata in Trus Madi, Sabah, Borneo. Left: female, photo Ling-Xiao Chang; right: male, photo Wei- Wei Zhang.

FIGURE 6 in Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 6. Distribution of Diploptera in China and Southeast Asia, modified from Li & Wang (2015). Imprecise localities removed. Circle, D. punctata; other species indicated by first two letters of epithet written in normal fonts: el, elliptica; er, erythrocephala; ma, maculata; mi, minor; na, naevus; gu, nigrescens guani; ni, nigrescens nigrescens; pa, parva; pu, punctata; pu?, cf. punctata. Diamond, sympatry of two species written in Italics. Framed, type locality. Red, included in molecular phylogeny.

FIGURE 3 in Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 3. Generalized diagram of male phallic complex. A: expanded phallic complex, dorsal view; B: cleft phallomere; C: apex of middle phallomere, left view; D: apex of middle phallomere, dorsal view; E: hook-apex sclerite of species with angular pronotum, asterisk indicates membranous protrusion; F: hook-apex sclerite of species with suboval pronotum. Solid line, outline; dashed line, cutting line; gray, sclerotization.

FIGURE 1 in Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 1. Predicted secondary structure of 16S fragment. Large numeral, helix no.; small numeral, base no. in sequence alignment; square, deletion; F-primer, forward primer; R-primer (RC), reverse complement of reverse primer.

FIGURE 2. Bayesian trees. A in Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 2. Bayesian trees. A: concatenated analysis using codon+doublet+4by4 models; B: subtree of 16S using doublet+4by4 models, showing branches including Thai D. punctata. Node support: filled square,>0.95; empty square,>0.80; no square,>0.50.

FIGURE 4. Female genitalia, ventral view. A,B in Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 4. Female genitalia, ventral view. A,B: generalized diagram of valvulae with ventral wall of the right first valvula removed (A), or with the first valvulae and the ventral wall of the right second valvula removed (B); C: D. punctata from Yunnan; D: D. nigrescens guani, paratype; E: D. minor, voucher DpN1; F: D. cf. punctata, voucher DpP14; G: D. elliptica, paratype in NWSUAF; H: D. maculata, voucher DpM3. Abbreviations: aa, anterior arch of second valvifer ring; ga, gonagulum; gc, gonocoxa VIII s.lat.; svI, sclerotization of the first valvulae; te, tergal extension; vI–III, the first through the third valvulae.

FIGURES 72–75. D in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 72–75. D. minor (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865), genitalia slide (NHMW) of the male syntype. 72 terminal two segments of dorsal abdomen, in dorsal view; 73 subgenital plate and phallic sclerites, in dorsal view with a green arrow pointing the apical sclerite of L2'; 74 apical part of sclerite L3' in detail, showing the curved tip; 75 overall view of the slide. (Excluding 74, photographed by Harald Bruckner, copyright © by Natural History Museum Vienna, NOaS Image Collection, published with permission. Scale bars = 500µm for 72 & 73, 100µm for 74.)

FIGURE 80. A male D in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 80. A male D. punctata in repose near light trap. Photographed by Lu Qiu in Nonggang National Nature Reserve in Guangxi, China. We are very lucky to get this timely photo just before the present paper is published. This is a light-colored individual of the species. Its large abdomen was retracted to be wholly covered by the tegmina when it became a specimen.

FIGURES 76–79 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 76–79. The specimen (MZLU) identified incorrectly as D. bicolor Hanitsch, 1925 by Princis (1950: 163). 76 dorsal view; 77 ventral view; 78 label; 79 vertex, with arrows indicating "faint black longitudinal lines". (Photographed by Ellen Sandström, photo courtesy of the Biological Museum, Lund University, Sweden. Scale bars = 5mm.)

FIGURES 42–47 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 42–47. Diploptera naevus sp. n., holotype. 42 hind wing, with grey coloration indicating sclerotization; 43 terminal segment of dorsal abdomen, in ventral view; 44 subgenital plate in dorsal view; 45–47 phallic sclerites in dorsal view; 45 sclerites R'; 46 sclerites L2'; 47 apex of left complex hook, showing sclerite L3'. (m.= membranous. Scale bars = 5mm for 42, 1mm for 43 & 44, 500µm for 45–47.)

FIGURES 48–53. Diploptera nigrescens guani subsp. n., holotype. 48 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 48–53. Diploptera nigrescens guani subsp. n., holotype. 48 hind wing, with grey coloration indicating sclerotization; 49 terminal segment of dorsal abdomen, in ventral view; 50 subgenital plate in dorsal view; 51–53 phallic sclerites in dorsal view; 51 sclerites R'; 52 sclerites L2'; 53 apex of left complex hook, showing sclerite L3'. (m.= membranous. Scale bars = 5mm for 48, 1mm for 49 & 50, 500µm for 51–53.)

FIGURES 17–30 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 17–30. Diploptera spp. & subspp. distributed in China. 17–18 D. punctata, female from Yunnan, Menglun; 19–21 D. punctata, lectotype (ZMMU) from Hawaii instead of China, photographed by Dr. Andrey L. Ozerov, copyright ZMMU, published with permission; 22–24 D. elliptica sp. n.; 22–23 male holotype from Yunnan, Cangyuan, Banhong; 24 female paratype from Yunnan, Mengla, Mohan; 25–26 D. naevus sp. n., male holotype from Xizang, Motuo, Beibeng; 27–28 D. nigrescens guani subsp. n., male holotype from Guangxi, Chongzuo, Daqingshan; 29–30 D. nigrescens nigrescens, male syntype (NTU) from Taiwan, photographed by Yi-Ho Liu and downloaded from NTU website, copyright Insect Museum Digital Archives Project, Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University. (Scale bars = 5mm.)

FIGURES 66–71 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 66–71. Diploptera spp. distributed outside China, types and labels. Part 2/2. 66–68 D. maculata Hanitsch, 1925, female HOLOTYPE (OUM) from Borneo, photographed by Katherine Child and provided by Amoret Spooner, copyright © Oxford University Museum of Natural History; 69–71 D. bicolor Hanitsch, 1925, male HOLOTYPE (OUM) from Borneo, photographed by Katherine Child and provided by Amoret Spooner, copyright © Oxford University Museum of Natural History. (Scale bars = 5mm.)

FIGURES 37–41 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 37–41. Diploptera elliptica sp. n., holotype. 37 terminal segment of dorsal abdomen, in ventral view; 38 subgenital plate in dorsal view; 39–41 phallic sclerites in dorsal view; 39 sclerites R'; 40 sclerites L2'; 41 apex of left complex hook, showing sclerite L3'. (m. = membranous. Scale bars = 1mm for 37–38, 500µm for 39–41.)

FIGURES 31–36. D in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 31–36. D. punctata (Eschscholtz, 1822) from China, Yunnan, Menglun. 31 hind wing, female, with grey coloration indicating sclerotization; 32–36 male; 32 terminal segment of dorsal abdomen, in ventral view; 33 subgenital plate in dorsal view; 34–36 phallic sclerites in dorsal view; 34 sclerites R'; 35 sclerites L2'; 36 apex of left complex hook, showing sclerite L3'. (ce.= cercus, m.= membranous, p.p.= paraprocts, st.= stylus; other abbreviations as indicated in the text. Scale bars = 10mm for 31, 1mm for 32 & 33, 500µm for 34–36.)

FIGURES 57–65 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 57–65. Diploptera spp. distributed outside China, types and labels. Part 1/2: punctata-species-group except D. punctata. 57–59 D. minor (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1865), male SYNTYPE (NHMW) from Philippines, photographed by Harald Bruckner, copyright © by Natural History Museum Vienna, NOaS Image Collection, published with permission; 60–62 D. erythrocephala Princis, 1950, male HOLOTYPE (MZLU) from Borneo, photographed by Ellen Sandström, photo courtesy of the Biological Museum, Lund University, Sweden; 63–65 D. parva Princis, 1953, male HOLOTYPE (NRM) from Java, photographed by Gunvi Lindberg, copyright Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm (NRM). (Scale bars = 5mm.)

FIGURES 54–56. 54 D in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 54–56. 54 D. punctata eating lemon peel in Hawaii, 2006.XI.29, image by Forest & Kim Starr (University of Hawaii); 55 Cypress with damage by D. punctata in Hawaii, 2005.VII.11, image by Forest & Kim Starr (University of Hawaii); 56 D. nigrescens nigrescens Shiraki, 1931 from Taiwan, Chiayi County, Tashan (= Xiaotashan), about 1200m, photographed by Gaga (Taiwan). The insect was found near a light trap but not on the curtain.

FIGURES 2–16 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURES 2–16. Pronota of Diploptera spp. & subspp. presented in monochrome, i.e., white indicates unicolor or lighter coloration, whilst black is for darker portion. 2–3 D. punctata; 2 male; 3 female; 4–5 D. minor; 4 female; 5 male; 6 D. erythrocephala, male; 7–8 D. parva; 7 male; 8 female; 9 D. naevus sp. n., male; 10 D. nigrescens nigrescens, male; 11 –12 D. nigrescens guani subsp. n.; 11 male; 12 female; 13 D. bicolor, male; 14 D. maculata, female; 15–16 D. elliptica sp. n.; 15 male; 16 female. (Dashed lines indicate depression. Scale bar = 2mm)

FIGURE 1 in A taxonomic study of the beetle cockroaches (Diploptera Saussure) from China, with notes on the genus and species worldwide (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae)

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Diploptera in China and Southeast Asia. The precise localities are painted black, whilst the imprecise ones are in white; each type locality is marked with a ring; the (sub)species are indicated by numbers in alphabetical order: 1 D. bicolor, 2 D. elliptica sp. n., 3 D. erythrocephala, 4 D. maculata, 5 D. minor, 6 D. naevus sp. n., 7 D. nigrescens guani subsp. n., 8 D. nigrescens nigrescens, 9 D. parva, × D. punctata; asterisk stands for the habitat of the Thai D. punctata (see the text).