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FIGURES 77–84. Diverticulum 6 in The taxonomy of Catocala nupta (Linnaeus, 1767) and its allies, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

FIGURES 77–84. Diverticulum 6 of C. benedeki (Figs 77-78), C. concubia (Figs 79-80), and C. nupta (Figs 81–84) in lateral aspect with the ventral aedeagus hood orientated up. In C. nupta diverticulum 6 has three shallow but distinct subdiverticula; in C. benedeki and C. concubia there are two. Solid arrows point to the dorsal margin of subdiverticulum 6a; dashed arrows point to the anterior edge of subdiverticulum 6c. Note: It is impossible to photograph diverticulum 6 at exactly the same angle between specimens, and some apparent differences in shape within species are due to minor differences in the angle between the photographs, especially between Figs 79 and 80. FIGURE 85. Habitat of C. benedeki: Kashmir, Lower Bubin Valley, 3000 m.

FIGURE 10 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 10. Epigynes of Zodariellum nenilini (A) and Z. proszynskii (B–D). A–B intact, ventral view; C–D macerated, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: Cd—copulatory duct, Fo—fovea, Re—receptacle.

FIGURE 6 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 6. Male palps of Zodariellum asiaticum (A), Z. bactrianum (B), Z. nenilini (C), Z. turanicum sp. n. (D) and Z. turkmenicum sp. n. (E), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 9 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 9. SEM images of the male palps of Zodariellum asiaticum (A), Z. bactrianum (B–C) and Z. turanicum sp. n. (D). A anteroretrolateral view; B ventroretrolateral view; C anteroventral view; D anterior view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: Cn—conductor, Eb—base of embolus, Ra—retrolateral tibial apophysis, Rb—branches of retrolateral tibial apophysis, Tr— retrolateral arm of tegular apophysis, Tu—tutaculum.

FIGURE 5 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 5. SEM images of the male palps of Zodariellum asiaticum (A), Z. bactrianum (B), Z. nenilini (C), Z. turanicum sp. n. (D) and Z. turkmenicum sp. n. (E), retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: Cn—conductor, Cp—prolateral arm of conductor, Di—diverticulum, Eb—base of embolus, Ra—retrolateral tibial apophysis, Rb—branches of retrolateral tibial apophysis, Tr—retrolateral arm of tegular apophysis, Tu—tutaculum.

FIGURE 4 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 4. Male palps of Zodariellum asiaticum (A), Z. bactrianum (B), Z. nenilini (C), Z. turanicum sp. n. (D) and Z. turkmenicum sp. n. (E), retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: Ap—anterodorsal part of retrolateral tibial apophysis, Cn—conductor, Di—diverticulum, Ra—retrolateral tibial apophysis, Rb—branches of retrolateral tibial apophysis, Tr—retrolateral arm of tegular apophysis, Tu—tutaculum.

FIGURE 12 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 12. Distribution records of Zodariellum spp. A: 1) Z. asiaticum, 2) Z. bactrianum, 3) Z. bekuzini, 4) Z. continentale, 5) Z. proszynskii, 6) Z. spasskyi and Z. zebra, 7) Z. surprisum, 8) Z. sytchevskajae, 9) Z. turanicum sp. n., 10) Z. turkmenicum sp. n., 11) Z. tadzhikum, 12) Z. testaceofasciatum, 13) Z. volgouralense, 14) Z. nenilini (in part, excluding records from Mongolia). B: 1) Z. nenilini (in part, records from Mongolia), 2) Z. schmidti, 3) Z. mongolicum, 4) Z. chaoyangense, 5) Z. furcum, 6) Z. hunanense, 7) Z. planum. A single point may refer to several closely located records.

FIGURE 2 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 2. Male palps of Zodariellum asiaticum (A), Z. bactrianum (B, F), Z. nenilini (C), Z. turanicum sp. n. (D) and Z. turkmenicum sp. n. (E). A–E ventral view; F dorsal view of cymbium, showing cymbial diverticulum. Scale bars = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: Cn—conductor, Cp—prolateral arm of conductor, Eb—base of embolus, Di—diverticulum, Ra—retrolateral tibial apophysis, Rb—branch(es) of retrolateral tibial apophysis, Sp—spur of tegular apophysis, Tg—tegular apophysis, To—triangular outgrowth, Tr—retrolateral arm of tegular apophysis, Tu—tutaculum.

FIGURE 1 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 1. Habitus of Zodariellum asiaticum (A), Z. bactrianum (B), Z. turanicum sp. n. (C), Z. nenilini (D–E) and Z. turkmenicum sp. n. (F), dorsal view. A–D, F males; E female. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 8. SEM images of the cymbia of Zodariellum bactrianum (A–C) and Z. nenilini (D–F). Scale bars = 0.1 mm, unless stated otherwise. Abbreviations: Cp—prolateral arm of conductor, Di—diverticulum, Tr—retrolateral arm of tegular apophysis, Tu—tutaculum.

FIGURE 3 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 3. SEM images of the male palps of Zodariellum asiaticum (A), Z. bactrianum (B), Z. nenilini (C), Z. turanicum sp. n. (D) and Z. turkmenicum sp. n. (E), ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: Cn—conductor, Cp—prolateral arm of conductor, Eb—base of embolus, Ra—retrolateral tibial apophysis, Rb—branches of retrolateral tibial apophysis, Sp—spur of tegular apophysis, Tg—tegular apophysis, Tr—retrolateral arm of tegular apophysis, Tu—tutaculum.

FIGURE 11 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 11. SEM images of the male palp of Zodarion nitidum. A ventral view; B retrolateral view; C dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: Cn—conductor, Eb—base of embolus, Ra—retrolateral tibial apophysis, Tg—tegular apophysis, Va—ventral tibial apophysis.

FIGURE 7 in New taxonomic considerations in Zodariellum Andreeva & Tyshchenko, 1968 (Araneae: Zodariidae), with notes on the presence of cymbial diverticulum in different zodariid genera

FIGURE 7. SEM images of the retrolateral tibial apophyses of Zodariellum bactrianum (A–C) and Z. nenilini (D–F). Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 4 Absence of Gregory's diverticulum in Marginoproctus (a–e) as well as presence and shape of the organ in the Scutellidae (f–o) and Dendrasteridae (p–t). The figure shows selected X-ray images and a photograph of a dissected specimen. a–e Marginoproctus djakonooi (3, 3, 5, 6, 9 mm test length); f–j Scaphechinus griseus (2, 6, 9.5, 35, 36 mm);

Fig. 8 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 8 Evolution of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars. a The phylogenetic tree shows a combination of results based on analyses of morphological characters (Mooi 1987, 1990; Kroh and Smith 2010; Mooi et al. 2014). Marginoproctus is omitted due to uncertain placement. Note that branch length is uninformative in this schematic. Taxa in bold black letters do possess Gregory's diverticulum, while taxa in regular black letters don't. The occurrence of the organ in taxa marked in gray letters remains unknown or inconclusive. b X-ray images of selected species, illustrating evolution and loss of the organ in sand dollars. (c) Clypeaster rosaceus (35 mm test length), (d) Laganum joubini (19 mm), (e) Echinocyamus pusillus (5.5 mm), (f) Fibularia ooulum (5.5 mm), (g) Rotula deciesdigitatus (22 mm), (h) Sinaechinocyamus mai (3.5 mm), (i) Echinarachnius parma (12 mm), (j) Scaphechinus griseus (8.5 mm), (k) Dendraster excentricus (9 mm), (l) Astriclypeus mannii (9 mm), and (m) Mellita grantii (23 mm). Black square = hypothetical evolutionary event,†= fossil taxon, R! = loss of structure

Fig. 6 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 6 Presence and shape of Gregory's diverticulum in the Mellitidae (Encope, Mellitella, Leodia). The figure shows selected X-ray images. a, b Encope michelini (9, 16 mm test length); c, d Encope micropora (36, 42 mm); e Encope wetmorei (14 mm); f–j Mellitella stokesii (15, 19, 26,

Fig. 5 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 5 Absence of Gregory's diverticulum in the Astriclypeidae. The figure shows selected X-ray images as well as virtual MRI sections. a–e Astriclypeus mannii (9, 13, 16, 17.5, 16 mm test length); f– j Sculpsitechinus auritus (8, 11, 28, 30, 16 mm); and k–o Echinodiscus bisperforatus (12, 30, 31, 32, 15 mm). White arrows denote the area of the

Fig. 2 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 2 Absence of Gregory's diverticulum in the Clypeasteridae (a–f), Laganidae (g–m), Echinocyamidae (n–p), Fibulariidae (q, r), and the miniaturized rotulid Fibulariella (s, t). This figure shows selected X-ray images, virtual MRI sections at the level of the main digestive tract, as well as a drawing and a photograph of dissected specimens. a, b Clypeaster reticulatus (24 mm test length); c Ammotrophus cyclius (35 mm); d, e Arachnoides placenta (27 mm); f Fellaster zelandiae (47 mm); g, h

Fig. 1 in Comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars (Echinoidea: Clypeasteroida)

Fig. 1 Semischematic illustration of the two principle shapes of Gregory's diverticulum in sand dollars. The figure is based on volume renderings of μCT data obtained from specimens of a Scaphechinus mirabilis (21 mm test length) and b Mellitella stokesii (17 mm). The shape of Gregory's diverticulum can be discerned due to the presence of X-ray-opaque sediment contained within the organ. The course of the predominantly empty main digestive tract is drawn in white (primary siphon not shown). White numbers denote ambulacra (I–V) and interambulacra (1–5), while black letters (A–J) and numbers (1–5) indicate ambulacral or interambulacral lobes, respectively. Both images