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20 results for “Division of labour”
Two simple movement mechanisms for spatial division of labour in social insects
<p>Many animal species divide space into a patchwork of home ranges, yet there is little consensus on the mechanisms individuals use to maintain fidelity to particular locations. Theory suggests that animal movement could be based upon simple behavioural rules that use local information such as olfactory deposits, or global strategies, such as long-range biases toward landmarks. However, empirical studies have rarely attempted to distinguish between these mechanisms. Here, we perform individual tracking experiments on four species of social insects, and find that colonies consist of different groups of workers that inhabit separate but partially-overlapping spatial zones. Our trajectory analysis and simulations suggest that worker movement is consistent with two local mechanisms: one in which workers increase movement diffusivity outside their primary zone, and another in which workers modulate turning behaviour when approaching zone boundaries. Parallels with other organisms suggest that local mechanisms might represent a universal method for spatial partitioning in animal populations.</p>
Two simple movement mechanisms for spatial division of labour in social insects
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Python code generating the data of figures 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the manuscript: The evolution of cooperation in the unidirectional linear division of labour of finite roles
<p>The evolution of cooperation is an unsolved mystery, which we see in many social and biological systems. In the study titled "The evolution of cooperation in the unidirectional linear division of labour of finite roles", we investigate under which sanction systems and how the evolution of cooperation happens in the linear division of labour. </p> <p>This python code has been used to produce the results of Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 of the manuscript. This code shows the evolution of cooperation among the population of various different groups which have different roles to play in the linear division of labour, on the basis of numerical analysis of a partial differential equation system, which originates from the replicator equations used in the evolutionary game theory. We find the locally stable equilibria using this code, which shows the ultimate results of the dynamics in the system under given parameters. Figures 3, 5, and 6 are direct products of the code, showing the dynamics of a system, and figures 2 and 4 are the end results of those dynamics. </p> <p>We found that in a social dilemma situation, cooperation never evolves in the system without punishment. However, with sanction systems by introducing a suitable amount of punishment, while having a suitable findability of the defector, and a suitable initial population structure, cooperation can evolve. These results can be found with this code. We have no legal or ethical concerns regarding this data as this is a numerical analysis based on theoretical equations. </p>
Data from: Shift in distribution of division of labour in chronically stressed honeybee colonies after perturbation
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A colonial epiphyte with a twist: Morphological variation and potential division of labour in the fern <em>Platycerium bifurcatum</em>
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Python code generating the data of figures 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of the manuscript: The evolution of cooperation in the unidirectional linear division of labour of finite roles
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Data from: Mridha S and Kümmerli R (2022) Enforced specialization fosters mutual cheating and not division of labour in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
<p><span>A common way for bacteria to cooperate is via the secretion of beneficial public goods (proteases, siderophores, biosurfactants) that can be shared among individuals in a group. Bacteria often simultaneously deploy multiple public goods with complementary functions. This raises the question whether natural selection could favour division of labour where subpopulations or species specialise in the production of a single public good, whilst sharing the complementary goods at the group level. Here we use an experimental system, where we mix engineered specialists of the bacterium <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> that can each only produce one of the two siderophores, pyochelin or pyoverdine, and explore the conditions under which specialization can lead to division of labour. When growing pyochelin and pyoverdine specialists at different mixing ratios under different levels of iron limitation, we found that specialists could only successfully complement each other in environments with moderate iron limitation and grow as good as the generalist wildtype but not better. Under more stringent iron limitation, the dynamics in specialist communities was characterized by mutual cheating and with higher proportions of pyochelin producers greatly compromising group productivity. Nonetheless, specialist communities remained stable through negative frequency-dependent selection. Our work shows that specialization in a bacterial community can be spurred by cheating and does not necessarily result in beneficial division of labour. We propose that natural selection might favour fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms in generalists over division of labour because the former enables generalists to remain flexible and adequately adjust public good investments in fluctuating environments. </span></p>
Data from: Mridha S and Kümmerli R (2022) Enforced specialization fosters mutual cheating and not division of labour in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Antibiotic production in Streptomyces is organized by a division of labour through terminal genomic differentiation
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The effect of age on non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis
Division of labour among workers (non-reproductive division of labour), a characteristic feature of eusocial insects enables the efficient functioning of their colonies. In many advanced insect societies division of labour is based on age (age polyethism). Primitively eusocial insects however are believed to have a weak age polyethism. Here we investigated the role of age in non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis and compared it with that in Ropalidia marginata, a congeneric species that exhibits relatively strong age polyethism. Age had a significant effect on the first performance of the four tasks studied; tasks were initiated in the sequence feed larva, build, bring food and bring building material. We measured task performance as the absolute frequency of tasks performed (FTP) and the probability of performing a task relative to other tasks (PTP) and age as absolute age in days since eclosion as well as relative age compared to nestmates. FTP varied significantly with both absolute and relative age, although absolute age explained more variance. PTP varied significantly with absolute age but not always with relative age. This is contrary to R. marginata, where more variation is explained by relative age than by absolute age. There was no trade-off between intranidal and extranidal tasks in R. cyathiformis unlike in R. marginata where the frequency of intranidal tasks decreased and that of extranidal tasks increased with age. We conclude that age polyethism is weak and less flexible in R. cyathiformis compared to that in R. marginata.
Dominance behaviour and division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia cyathiformis
<p>Primitively eusocial insects exhibit reproductive division of labour such that one or a small number of individuals monopolize reproduction while the remaining function as non-reproductive workers. They also exhibit non-reproductive division of labour such that some workers primarily perform the extra-nidal tasks of foraging, while others primarily perform the intra-nidal tasks of feeding larvae, building the nest and other nest maintenance activities. In some species queens regulate both reproductive as well as non-reproductive division of labour by means of their dominance behavior toward the workers. Here we show that in the primitively eusocial species <i>R. cyathiformis</i>, (1) the queen shows significantly more aggression towards the potential queen (PQ) than to the rest of the workers; (2) the PQ shows significantly more aggression towards the workers than they show to each other; (3) the activities of the workers such as bringing food and feeding the larvae continue unabated in the absence of the queen; (4) the amount of dominance received by a worker does not predict her rate of foraging; (5) there is a positive correlation between workers' rates of bringing food and the rates at which they themselves feed the larvae. We suggest that while queen (along with PQ) regulates reproductive division of labour, dominance behavior is not used to regulate the non-reproductive activities of the workers such as bringing food and feeding the larvae; these are self-regulated by individual workers by themselves.</p>
Data from: Caste ratio adjustments in response to perceived and realised competition in parasites with division of labour
1. Colonial organisms with division of labour are assumed to achieve increased colony-level efficiency in task performance through functional specialisation of individuals into distinct castes. In social insects, ratios of individuals in different castes can adjust adaptively in response to external threats. However, whether flexibility in caste ratio also occurs in other social organisms with division of labour remains unclear. Some parasitic trematodes, in which clonal colonies within the snail intermediate host comprise a reproductive caste and a soldier caste, offer good systems to test the general nature of adaptive caste ratio adjustments. 2. Using the trematode Philophthalmus sp. as model, we test whether trematode colonies shift their composition toward more soldiers when exposed to a sustained risk of invasion by a competitor parasite species, and/or when experiencing sustained, active competition. We also quantify the colony-level fitness impact of caste ratio adjustments, measured as the colony's output of larval infective stages. 3. We conducted two long-term laboratory experiments on within-snail trematode colonies. First, snails harbouring Philophthalmus colonies were exposed to different levels of invasion risk by another trematode species, Maritrema novaezealandense. Second, the structure of Philophthalmus colonies was quantified after a year-long period of within-snail competition with the other trematode species. 4. When facing the risk of invasion by a competitor, independently of the level of risk, Philophthalmus colonies showed a significant shift toward producing more soldiers, resulting in altered caste ratio. Similarly, when experiencing actual competition by another trematode established in the same snail, Philophthalmus colonies also adjusted by producing significantly more soldiers. Greater investments in defense via more soldiers had negative impacts on the establishment and size of the competitor's colonies. Nevertheless, the presence of the competitor reduced the fitness (output of infective stages) of Philophthalmus colonies, although the production of more soldiers mitigated that effect. 5. Our findings demonstrate that trematode colonies with division of labour are capable of adaptive caste ratio adjustments in response to both the perceived threat of competition, and actual competition, with trade-offs against reproductive success only apparent when soldier numbers are very high. Combined with results on social insects, our study suggests parallel adaptations of colonial organisms in phylogenetically disparate organisms.
Data from: Lipid content influences division of labour in a clonal ant
<p><span><span>The fat body, a major metabolic hub in insects, is involved in many functions, such as energy storage, nutrient sensing, and immune response. In social insects, fat appears to play an additional role in division of labour between egg-layers and workers, which specialize in non-reproductive tasks inside and outside their nest. For instance, reproductives are more resistant to starvation, and changes in fat content have been associated with the transition from inside to outside work or reproductive activities. However, most studies remained correlative and we still need to unravel the causal interrelations between fat content, and division of both reproductive and non-reproductive labour.</span></span><span> Clonal </span>ants, such as <i>Platythyrea punctata</i>, are ideal models for studying task partitioning without confounding variation in genotype and morphology. In this study, we examined the range of variation and flexibility of fat content throughout the lifespan of workers, the thresholds of corpulence associated with foraging or reproduction and whether low fat content is a cause rather than a consequence of the transition to foraging. We found that lipid stores change with division of labour from corpulent to lean and, in reverted nurses, back to corpulent. In addition, our data show the presence of fat content thresholds that trigger the onset of foraging or egg laying behaviour. Our study supports the view that mechanisms that regulate reproduction and foraging in solitary insects, in particular the nutritional status of individuals, have been co-opted to regulate division of labour in colonies of social insects.</p>
Data from: Stress and early experience underlie dominance status and division of labour in a clonal insect
Cooperation and division of labour are fundamental in the "major transitions" in evolution. While the factors regulating cell differentiation in multicellular organisms are quite well understood, we are just beginning to unveil the mechanisms underlying individual specialization in cooperative groups of animals. Clonal ants allow studying which factors influence task allocation without confounding variation in genotype and morphology. Here, we subjected larvae and freshly hatched workers of the clonal ant Platythyrea punctata to different rearing conditions and investigated how these manipulations affected division of labour among pairs of oppositely treated, same-aged clonemates. High rearing temperature, physical stress, injury, and malnutrition increased the propensity of individuals to become subordinate foragers rather than dominant reproductives. This is reflected in changed gene regulation: early stages of division of labour were associated with different expression of genes involved in nutrient signalling pathways, metabolism, and the phenotypic response to environmental stimuli. Many of these genes appear to be capable of responding to a broad range of stressors. They might link environmental stimuli to behavioural and phenotypic changes and could therefore be more broadly involved in caste differentiation in social insects. Our experiments also shed light on the causes of behavioural variation among genetically identical individuals.
Data from: Lipid content influences division of labour in a clonal ant
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Data from: Polymorphism and division of labour in a socially complex ant: neuromodulation of aggression in the Australian weaver ant, Oecophylla smaragdina
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Data from: Stress and early experience underlie dominance status and division of labour in a clonal insect
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Data from: Caste ratio adjustments in response to perceived and realised competition in parasites with division of labour
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Dominance behaviour and division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia cyathiformis
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The effect of age on non-reproductive division of labour in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp, Ropalidia cyathiformis
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