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Fig. 4 in Feeding ecology of immature Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes: Doradidae) in a tidal environment, estuary of the rio Amazonas

Fig. 4. Trophic niche breadth recorded for Lithodoras dorsalis on the rio Amazonas mouth, Pará, Brazil, from July 2010 to June 2011. The solid line represents the niche breadth values and the dashed line indicates mean pluviosity registered for the studied region.

Fig. 2 in Feeding ecology of immature Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes: Doradidae) in a tidal environment, estuary of the rio Amazonas

Fig. 2. Box-plot of Lithodoras dorsalis Repletion Index (RI%) at the rio Amazonas mouth, Brazil, from July 2010 to June 2011.

Fig. 3 in Feeding ecology of immature Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes: Doradidae) in a tidal environment, estuary of the rio Amazonas

Fig. 3. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling based on the Alimentary Index (AIi%) of all food items consumed by the rock-bacu Lithodoras dorsalis among pluviometric periods, rio Amazonas mouth region, Brazil.

Fig. 1 in Feeding ecology of immature Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Siluriformes: Doradidae) in a tidal environment, estuary of the rio Amazonas

Fig. 1. Location of study area near the mouth of the rio Amazonas in Brazil. A, Location of Brazil on South America; B, rio Amazonas mouth with the sampling site; C, Study area (specimens were collected within the shaded area).

Figure 9 in Phylogenetic relationships of thorny catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae) inferred from molecular and morphological data

Figure 9. Unrooted maximum parsimony trees of Doradidae inferred from molecular and morphological data. (A) Molecular tree based on 3833 bp of 12S, 16S and EF1a exons + introns sequence data; the black star indicates the hypothetical attachment point of the root (see Fig. 7). (B) Morphological tree based on 95 morphological characters (Higuchi, 1992); the black star indicates the hypothetical attachment point of the root (see Fig. 1). Numbers at nodes are bootstrap percentages based on 1000 pseudoreplicates. Support values <50% are not shown.

Figure 8 in Phylogenetic relationships of thorny catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae) inferred from molecular and morphological data

Figure 8. Maximum likelihood tree of Doradidae inferred from analysis of combined 12S, 16S and EF1a (exons + introns) sequence data. Numbers at nodes represent percentage Bayesian posterior probabilities, ML bootstrap (500 pseudoreplicates) and MP bootstrap (1000 pseudoreplicates). This is an unrooted tree; the black star indicates the hypothetical attachment point of the root (see Fig. 7).

Figure 2. Proposed 12S in Phylogenetic relationships of thorny catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae) inferred from molecular and morphological data

Figure 2. Proposed 12S rRNA secondary structure model for Doradidae. Single bases enclosed in squares indicate positions thought to be involved in the decoding mechanism.

Figure 1 in Phylogenetic relationships of thorny catfishes (Siluriformes: Doradidae) inferred from molecular and morphological data

Figure 1. Higuchi's (1992) phylogeny of Doradidae based on osteological characters. Subfamilies are labelled on the right. Unpublished genus–group names are indicated by A, B and C.

Fig. 13 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 13. Pectoral girdle in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of Hassar orestis, MZUSP 105827, 144.7 mm SL. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 12 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 12. Schematic illustration of the hyoid and branchial arches of Hassar orestis, based on MZUSP 6991, 65.7 mm SL. ACH, anterior ceratohyal; BB, basibranchial; CB, ceratobranchial; DHH, dorsal hypohyal; EB, epibranchial; HB, hypobranchial; PB, pharyngobranchial; PCH, posterior ceratohyal; PTP, pharyngobranchial tooth plate; VHH, ventral hypohyal.

Fig. 11 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 11. Head and anterior portion of body in dorsal (above) and lateral (below) views of Hassar orestis, MZUSP 105827, 144.7 mm SL. AAR, anguloarticular; acf, anterior cranial fontanel; ANP, anterior nuchal plate; CLE, cleithrum; DEN, dentary; ENT, entopterygoid; EPO, epoccipital; FRO, frontal; INS, infranuchal scute; IO, infraorbital; IOP, interopercle; LET, lateral ethmoid; MAX, maxilla; MES, mesethmoid; MNP, middle nuchal plate; MTP, metapterygoid; Mr, Müllerian ramus; NAS, nasal; nf, nuchal foramina; OPE, opercle; PAL, autopalatine; pcf, posterior cranial fontanel; pEPO, epioccipital process; PNP, posterior nuchal plate; POP, preopercle; PTO, pterotic; QUA, quadrate; SCL, posttemporo-supracleithrum; SOC, parieto-supraoccipital; SPH, sphenotic. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 14 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 14. Pelvic girdle in dorsal view of Hassar orestis, MZUSP 105827, 144.7 mm SL. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 9 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 9. (a) Lectotype of Hassar orestis, NMW45428, 66.8 mm SL, (b) paralectotype of Hassar orestis, NMW 45427, 206.0 mm SL; and (c) holotype of Hassar ucayalensis, ANSP 68647, 68.9 mm SL. Photos (b) and (c) by Mark Sabaj Pérez.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 6. Distribution map of Hassar affinis (yellow triangles), H. gabiru (white diamonds), H. orestis (red circles), H. wilderi (orange pentamer). Stars represent type localities. Brown star indicates the type locality of Hassar ucayalensis, and pink star indicates that of Hassar woodi.

Fig. 10 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 10. Hassar orestis: (a) MZUSP 32542, 218.5 mm SL, rio Xingu at Belo Monte; (b) MZUSP 15528, 186.5 mm SL, rio Trombetas; (c) MZUSP 74680, 123.5 mm SL, rio Tefé; (d) MZUSP 6721, 79.4 mm SL, rio Negro.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 4. Gas bladders in ventral view of Hassar affinis (a-d): (a) MZUSP 90583, 54.4 mm SL; (b) MZUSP 74890, 85.9 mm SL; (c) MZUSP 43604, 228.0 mm SL; (d) ANSP 69392, 201.6 mm SL (holotype of Hassar woodi, photo by Mark Sabaj Pérez); Hassar gabiru (e-h): (e) MZUSP 87026, 69.0 mm SL; (f) MZUSP 94142, 137.6 mm SL; (g) INPA 31043, 122.5 mm SL; (h) MZUSP 94142, 128.6 mm SL; Hassar wilderi (i-l): (i) MZUSP 46016, 67.0 mm SL; (j) MZUSP 4857, 103.6 mm SL; (k) MZUSP 63148, 148.8 mm SL; (l) MZUSP 62998, 161.6 mm SL; Hassar orestis (m-p): (m) MZUSP 6991, 71.0 mm SL; (n) MZUSP 74680, 123.5 mm SL; (o) MZUSP 15512, 132.0 mm SL; (p) MZUSP 32542, 220.0 mm SL. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 8. Hassar gabiru, paratype, MZUSP 97219, c.130 mm SL, rio Curuá, Iriri-Xingu drainage, Altamira, PA. Photo by Mark Sabaj Pérez.

Fig. 2 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 2. Holotype of Hassar affinis (a), NMW 4539, 123.0 mm SL, and holotype of Hassar woodi (b), ANSP 69392, 201.6 mm SL. Photos by Mark Sabaj Pérez.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 1. Anteriormost vertebrae and associated structures, in ventral view, of Hassar orestis, MZUSP 105827, 144.7 mm SL. BAS, basioccipital; CV, complex vertebra; Mr, Müllerian ramus; pEPO, epioccipital process; pTR, transcapular process; SCL, posttemporo-supracleithrum; TRI, tripus. Arrow indicates the ring-shaped ventral arch of the basioccipital. Scale bar = 5 mm

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic revision of thorny catfish genus Hassar (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

Fig. 3. Hassar affinis: (a) MCP 22524, 77.0 mm SL, rio Pindaré-Mearim (photo by Mark Sabaj Pérez); (b) MZUSP 89935, 110.7 mm SL, rio Parnaíba; (c) MZUSP 43604, 152.6 mm SL, rio Parnaíba.