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Fig. 8 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 8 Mitochondrial genome map of Veneriserva pygoclava. The inner ring presents the GC content graph. The complete, fully annotated mitochondrial genome is accessible via the NCBI GenBank database under the accession number: OR449961

Fig. 7 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 7 Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Dorvilleidae. The tree depicts the phylogenetic relationships within Dorvilleidae inferred through concatenated 16S, COI, Cytb, 18S, and H3 sequences. Bootstrap support values are provided for each node. Nodes with complete support are indicated with an asterisk (*); values below 50% are not shown. Branches of parasitic/symbiotic species highlighted in blue. Haplotype network for 5 Veneriserva pygoclava specimens is shown next to the tree

Fig. 6 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 6 Epidermal ultrastructure of Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D TEM images of the epidermis revealing the presence of dense, modified microvilli (mv) that cover the body surface. A mucosecretory gland cell (gl) is discernable in A. D shows details of a multi-ciliated epidermal cell. B depicts the microvilli (mv) covering the cuticle (cu). Note the inflated tips of the microvilli and the electron-dense droplets. E Apically the epidermal cells display an abundance of transport vesicles (v). Arrowheads mark the branching microvilli piercing through the cuticle in all images. Abbreviations—ci cilia, m mitochondria, nc nucleus

Fig. 3 in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 3 µCT visualization of parasites within Aphrodita longipalpa. A 3D rendering of parasites shown within the projection of the host body. B–D Virtual dissections of surface renderings, showing crosssections of the host across three consecutive body regions, from anterior to posterior. Raw image data from the micro-CT stack, illustrating a horizontal section through the host (E) and a sagittal section (F). Head of the juvenile parasite is magnified to display the prominent jaws in white. Abbreviations—ja jaws, ne nephridia, pha pharynx. Female Veneriserva pygoclava is shown in yellow or with yellow arrowheads and the juvenile V. pygoclava in blue or with blue arrowheads

Fig. 4 AZAN-stained paraffin histology. A in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 4 AZAN-stained paraffin histology. A Histological cross-section of a juvenile Aphrodita longipalpa featuring an endoparasitic immature Veneriserva pygoclava (denoted by a star). B Longitudinal section of V. pygoclava, highlighting the absence of a through gut, and continuous uninterrupted mesenteries. C–H Cross-sections through the anterior region of V. pygoclava, showing the muscularized pharynx with jaws culminating in blind termination at section G. Abbreviations—ac acicula, br brain, df dorsal felt, el elytra, ja jaws, mo mouth, ne nephridium, pha pharynx, vnc ventral nerve cord

Fig. 2 Parasite abundance and distribution statistics. A in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

Fig. 2 Parasite abundance and distribution statistics. A total of 58 Aphrodita longipalpa were dissected and examined for parasite presence. The upper horizontal bars graphically depict the proportional parasitism rates and the corresponding distribution among male, female, and juvenile parasites, along with various cohabitation configurations. The box plots show the relationship between host size and the occurrence of parasites, presented collectively and then individually for female, male, and juvenile parasites

◂Fig. 5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord in Hardly Venus's servant-morphological adaptations of Veneriserva to an endoparasitic lifestyle and its phylogenetic position within Dorvilleidae (Annelida)

◂Fig. 5 Gametogenesis in male and female Veneriserva pygoclava. A–D Semi-thin histological sections of female Veneriserva pygoclava, stained with toluidine blue. A Cross-section of a female Veneriserva. B Close-up of large mature oocytes without discernible nurse cells. C Developing oocytes attached to mesenteries (mes), and oogonia proliferating from the ventral side of the dorsal blood vessel (bv). D Details of vitellogenic oocytes and nurse cells. Arrowheads indicate brownstained yolk platelets and yolk bodies. E Live sperm cells captured in a light micrograph. F–G Cross-sections of male Veneriserva. Note the absence of a gut in the cross-sections. Abbreviations—ac acicula, acr acrosome, bv blood vessel, coe coelomic cavity, mes mesentery, nc nurse cell, nn nurse cell nucleus, nu sperm cell nucleus, Oo oocyte, on oocyte nucleus, sp spermatogonia, vnc ventral nerve cord

Fig. 5 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 5. Ophryotrocha kailae sp. nov. A. Whole body of living holotype (SIO-BIC A14100); inset shows the posterior end of paratype (SIO-BIC A14099) with pygidial cirri. B. Mandibles of paratype (SIO-BIC A14099). C. Maxillae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14099). D. Parapodium of paratype (SIO-BIC A14102). E. Simple supra-acicular chaetae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14102). F. Compound sub-acicular chaetae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14102). G. Simple sub-acicular chaeta of paratype (SIO-BIC A14102).

Fig. 4 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 4. Ophryotrocha charlottae sp. nov. A. Whole body of living holotype (SIO-BIC A14096). B. Maxillae of holotype (SIO-BIC A14096). C. Mandibles from holotype (SIO-BIC A14096). D. Parapodium of paratype (SIO-BIC A14098). E. Simple supra-acicular chaetae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14098). F. Compound sub-acicular chaetae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14098). G. Simple sub-acicular chaeta of paratype (SIO-BIC A14098).

Fig. 2 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 2. Haplotype networks from COI data with geographic locality (°NS) coding. A. Ophryotrocha cf. akessoni Blake, 1985. B. O. charlottae sp. nov. C. O. kailae sp. nov. D. O. marinae sp. nov.

Fig. 3 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 3. Ophryotrocha cf. akessoni Blake, 1985. A. Dorsal and ventral views of live specimen (SIO-BIC A14105). B. Mandibles (SIO-BIC A14107). C. Maxillae (SIO-BIC A14107). D. Parapodium (SIO-BIC A14105). E. Simple supra-acicular chaetae (SIO-BIC A14105). F. Compound sub-acicular chaetae (SIO-BIC A14105). G. Simple sub-acicular chaeta (SIO-BIC A14106).

Fig. 9 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 9. Ophryotrocha bohnorum sp. nov. A. Whole body of living paratype (SIO-BIC A14095). B. Dorsal view of anterior living holotype (SIO-BIC A14092) one of the distinctive brown spots on the peristomium indicated by white arrow. C. Mandibles of paratype (SIO-BIC A14093). D. Maxillae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14093). E. Parapodium of paratype (SIO-BIC A14093). F. Simple supra-acicular chaetae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14093). G. Compound sub-acicular chaetae of paratype (SIO-BIC A14093).

Fig. 7 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 7. Ophryotrocha marinae sp. nov. A. Dorsal and ventral views of living paratype (SIO-BIC A14031). B. Whole specimens from paratype (SIO-BIC A14112). C. Mandibles of specimen from paratype (SIO- BIC A6308). D. Maxillae of specimen from paratype (SIO-BIC A6308). E. Parapodium of holotype (SIO-BIC A14109). F. Simple supra-acicular chaetae of holotype (SIO-BIC A14109). G. Compound sub-acicular chaetae of holotype (SIO-BIC A14109). H. Simple sub-acicular chaeta of paratype (SIO- BIC A14109).

Fig. 6 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 6. Ophryotrocha marinae sp. nov. A. Numerous specimens associated with the tubes of Oasisia alvinae Jones, 1985 (Vestimentifera) at active hydrothermal vents of the Pescadero Basin (Mexico). Image from ROV SuBastian dive S0495, courtesy of the Schmidt Ocean Institute. B. Numerous specimens associated with microbial mat on the seafloor at active hydrothermal vents adjacent to a large mass of Oasisia alvinae. Some of these were collected and formed lots (SIO-BIC A6308, A1408– 14112). Image from ROV Doc Ricketts dive 750 in the Pescadero Basin, courtesy of the Monterey Bay and Aquarium Research Institute.

Fig. 8 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 8. Ophryotrocha pruittae sp. nov. A. Dorsal view of living holotype (ICML-EMU-13288). B. Maxillae from paratype (SIO-BIC A14123). C. Mandibles from paratype (SIO-BIC A14123). D. Parapodium from paratype (SIO-BIC A6322). E. Simple supra-acicular chaetae from paratype (SIO- BIC A6322). F. Compound sub-acicular chaetae from paratype (SIO-BIC A6322). G. Simple subacicular chaetae of paratype (SIO-BIC A6322).

Fig. 1 in Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Polychaeta, Annelida) from deep-sea hydrothermal vents, with the description of five new species

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic tree of Dorvilleidae Ophryotrocha Chamberlin, 1919 based on the Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analysis of the concatenated dataset of three genes. The outgroup, Eunice pennata (Müller, 1776) is not shown. Numbers on the nodes represent bootstrap support (BS) values followed by posterior probability (PP) values. Blank values indicate BS score of less than 50 or PP of less than 0.7. The * symbol indicated BS support was 95% or greater and PP was 1. Orange branches indicate hydrothermal vent lineages showing that vents have been colonized at least 5 × by Dorvilleidae, 3 × within Ophryotrocha Claparède & Mecznikow, 1869. The letters A and B refer to the two main clades of Ophryotrocha.