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94 results for “Drosophila larvae”
Drosophila Larvae Tracking: movies of drosophila larvae communities
<h2>33 movies of drosophila larvae communities</h2> <p>The task associated to this dataset is tracking multiple drosophila larvae. Such a tracking is required in the quest to elucidate the genetic basis of Drosophila's behaviour. This dataset was used in the article "<a href="https://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/sites/default/files/publications/files/219478572/fiaschi_14_tracking.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Tracking indistinguishable translucent objects over time using weakly supervised structured learning</a>". We provide the raw data, an intermediate segmentation of the foreground and the gold standard used in the <a href="https://hci.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/sites/default/files/publications/files/219478572/fiaschi_14_tracking.pdf">evaluation of that tracking algorithm</a>. </p>
Dataset for "Synchronous multi-segmental activity between metachronal waves controls locomotion speed in Drosophila larvae"
<p>Dataset for publication "Synchronous multi-segmental activity between metachronal waves controls locomotion speed in Drosophila larvae". </p>
Morphology and ultrastructure of external sense organs of Drosophila larvae
<p>Sensory perception is the ability through which an organism is able to process sensory stimuli from the environment. This stimulus is transmitted from the peripheral sensory organs to the central nervous system, where it is interpreted. Drosophila melanogaster larvae possess peripheral sense organs on their head, thoracic, and abdominal segments. These are specialized to receive diverse environmental information, such as olfactory, gustatory, temperature, or mechanosensory signals. In this work, we complete the description of the morphology of external larval sensilla and provide a comprehensive map of the ultrastructure of the different types of sensilla that comprise them. This was achieved by 3D electron microscopic analysis of partial and whole body volumes, which contain high-resolution and complete three-dimensional data of the anatomy of the sensilla and adjacent ganglia. Our analysis revealed three main types of sensilla on thoracic and abdominal segments: the papilla sensillum, the hair sensillum, and the knob sensillum. They occur solitary or organized in compound sensilla such as the thoracic keilin's organ or the terminal sensory cones. We present a spatial map defining these sensilla by their position on thoracic and abdominal segments. Further, we identify and name the sensilla at the larval head and the last fused abdominal segments. We show that mechanosensation dominates in the larval peripheral nervous system, as most sensilla have corresponding structural properties. The result of this work, the construction of a complete structural and neuronal map of the external larval sensilla, provides the basis for following molecular and functional studies to understand which sensory strategies the Drosophila larva employs to orient itself in its natural environment.</p>
Switch-like and persistent learning in individual Drosophila larvae
Associative learning allows animals to use past experience to predict future events. The circuits underlying memory formation support immediate and sustained changes in function, often in response to a single example. Larval Drosophila is a genetic model for memory formation that can be accessed at molecular, synaptic, cellular, and circuit levels, often simultaneously, but existing behavioral assays for larval learning and memory do not address individual animals, and it has been dicult to form long lasting memories, especially those requiring synaptic reorganization. We demonstrate a new assay for learning and memory capable of tracking the changing preferences of individual larvae. We use this assay to explore how activation of a pair of reward neurons changes the response to the innately aversive gas Carbon Dioxide (CO2). We conrm that when coupled to odor presentation in appropriate temporal sequence, optogenetic reward reduces avoidance of CO2. We nd that learning is switch-like: all-or-none and quantized in two states. Memories can be extinguished by repeated unrewarded exposure to CO2 but are stabilized against extinction by repeated training or overnight consolidation. Finally, we demonstrate long-lasting protein synthesis dependent and independent memory formation.
Normalized NMR integration values from the metabolomic analysis of Drosophila larvae extracts from 2 genotypes at 3 time points.
<p>We measured the metabolites related to energy production using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). No alterations in the levels of carbohydrate stores or free amino acids were found between control and Sema1ai animals, corroborating the notion that the main metabolic changes are in the lipid metabolism. The exception is the glycolytic amino acid alanine (elevated in Sema1ai animals), confirming alterations in glycolysis. The levels of the ß-alanine amino acid are markedly reduced in 256 h AEL or 10.5-day-old Sema1ai animals, probably indicating muscle degeneration in the severely obese larvae that is consistent with the deteriorated state and reduced movement of the 10-day-old (256 hours) mutant larvae. Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by high lactate, and the concentration of lactate is higher in Sema1ai larvae than controls, though the difference is not statistically significant. Glycolysis is stimulated by glucose and inhibited by citrate, an early intermediate of the citric acid cycle. The increased citrate levels in the 10.5-day-old Sema1ai larvae suggest that glycolysis is lower at this age, consistent with the increased level of glucose in the severely obese larvae. The fact that both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways are simultaneously enhanced in Sema1ai larvae support the hypothesis that the animals defecting in adiposity signaling are in a state of perceived energy insufficiency despite having sufficient energy stored.</p>
Morphology and ultrastructure of external sense organs of Drosophila larvae
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Switch-like and persistent learning in individual Drosophila larvae
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Data from: Development of a PCR-RFLP assay to identify Drosophila melanogaster among field-collected larvae
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism to study several aspects of metazoan biology. Most of the work has been conducted in adult fruit flies, including laboratory and field-derived specimens, but Drosophila melanogaster larvae recently became a valuable model to better understand animal physiology, development or host-microbe interactions. While adult flies can be easily assigned to a given Drosophila species based on morphological characteristics, such visual identification is more intricate at the larval stage. This could explain the limited number of studies focusing on larvae, especially field-derived samples. Here, we developed a Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay that discriminates D. melanogaster from other ecologically relevant Drosophila species at the larval stage. The method, which targets the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, was validated using laboratory-derived larvae from seven D. melanogaster populations originating from different geographic areas as well as six Drosophila species. We further validated this PCR-RFLP assay in a natural context, by identifying wild larvae collected in two locations in France. Notably, among all PCR-RFLP profiles that matched the D. melanogaster species, 100% were correctly identified, as confirmed by COI sequencing. In summary, our work provides a rapid, simple and accurate molecular tool to identify D. melanogaster from field-collected larvae.
Natural history of model organisms: the secret (group) life of Drosophila melanogaster larvae and why it matters to developmental ecology
<ol> <li>Model organisms such as <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> have been key tools for advancing our fundamental and applied knowledge in biological and biomedical sciences. However, model organisms have become intertwined with the idea of controlled and stable laboratory environments, and their natural history has been overlooked.</li> <li>In holometabolous insects, lack of natural history information on larval ecology has precluded major advances in the field of developmental ecology, especially in terms of manipulations of population density early in life (i.e., larval density). This is because of relativistic and to some extent, arbitrary methodologies employed to manipulate larval densities in laboratory studies. As a result, these methodologies render comparisons between species impossible, precluding our understanding of macroevolutionary responses to population densities during development that can be derived from comparative studies.</li> <li>We recently proposed a new conceptual framework to address this issue and here, we provide the first natural history investigation of <i>Drosophila melanogaster </i>larval density under such framework. First, we characterised the distribution of larval densities in wild population of <i>D. melanogaster </i>using rotting apples as breeding substrate in a suburban area in Sweden.</li> <li>Next, we compiled the commonly used methodologies for manipulating larval densities in laboratory studies from the literature and found that the majority of laboratory studies did not manipulate larval densities below or above the densities observed in nature, suggesting that we have yet to study true life-history and physiological responses to low and high population densities during <i>D. melanogaster</i> development.</li> <li>This is, to our knowledge, the first direct natural history account of larval density in nature for this model organism. Our study paves the way for a more integrated view of organismal biology which re-incorporates natural history of model organisms into hypothesis-driven research in developmental ecology.</li> </ol>
Identification of a neural basis for cold acclimation in Drosophila larvae
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Natural history of model organisms: the secret (group) life of Drosophila melanogaster larvae and why it matters to developmental ecology
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Data from: Development of a PCR-RFLP assay to identify Drosophila melanogaster among field-collected larvae
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Data from: The peripheral olfactory code in Drosophila larvae contains temporal information and is robust over multiple timescales
We studied the electrophysiological activity of two classes of Drosophila melanogaster larval olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), Or24a and Or74a, in response to 1 s stimulation with butanol, octanol, 2-heptanone, and propyl acetate. Each odour/OSN combination produced unique responses in terms of spike count and temporal profile. We used a classifier algorithm to explore the information content of OSN activity, and showed that as well as spike count, the activity of these OSNs included temporal information that enabled the classifier to accurately identify odours. The responses of OSNs during continuous odour exposure (5 and 20 min) showed that both types of neuron continued to respond, with no complete adaptation, and with no change to their ability to encode temporal information. Finally, we exposed larvae to octanol for 3 days and found only minor quantitative changes in OSN response to odours, indicating that the larval peripheral code is robust when faced with long-term exposure to odours, such as would be found in a natural context.
Data from: New insights for Drosophila GAGA factor in larvae
GAGA factor plays important roles during Drosophila embryogenesis and its maternal contribution is essential for early development. Here, the role of GAGA factor was studied in 3rd instar larvae using depletion and overexpression conditions in wing disc and transcriptome analysis. We found that genes changing expression were different to those previously described using GAGA mutants in embryos. No apparent phenotypes on GAGA depletion could usually be observed at larval stages in imaginal discs but a strong effect on salivary gland polytene chromosomes was observed. In the adult, GAGA depletion produced many defects like abnormal cell proliferation in the wing, impaired dorsal closure and resulted in homeotic transformation of abdominal segment A5. Unexpectedly, no effects on Ultrabithorax expression were observed. Short overexpression of GAGA factor in 3rd instar larvae also resulted in activation of a set of genes not previously described to be under GAGA regulation, and in lethality at pupa. Our results suggest a little contribution of GAGA factor on gene transcription in wing discs and a change of the genes regulated in comparison with embryo. GAGA factor activity thus correlates with the global changes in gene expression that take place at the embryo-to-larva and, later, at the larva-to-pupa transitions.
Data from: Drosophila melanogaster larvae make nutritional choices that minimize developmental time
Organisms from slime moulds to humans carefully regulate their macronutrient intake to optimize a wide range of life history characters including survival, stress resistance, and reproductive success. However, life history characters often differ in their response to nutrition, forcing organisms to make foraging decisions while balancing the trade-offs between these effects. To date, we have a limited understanding of how the nutritional environment shapes the relationship between life history characters and foraging decisions. To gain insight into the problem, we used a geometric framework for nutrition to assess how the protein and carbohydrate content of the larval diet affected key life history traits in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. In no-choice assays, survival from egg to pupae, female and male body size, and ovariole number – a proxy for female fecundity – were maximized at the highest protein to carbohydrate (P:C) ratio (1.5:1). In contrast, development time was minimized at intermediate P:C ratios, around 1:2. Next, we subjected larvae to two-choice tests to determine how they regulated their protein and carbohydrate intake in relation to these life history traits. Our results show that larvae targeted their consumption to P:C ratios that minimized development time. Finally, we examined whether adult females also chose to lay their eggs in the P:C ratios that minimized developmental time. Using a three-choice assay, we found that adult females preferentially laid their eggs in food P:C ratios that were suboptimal for all larval life history traits. Our results demonstrate that D. melanogaster larvae make foraging decisions that trade-off developmental time with body size, ovariole number, and survival. In addition, adult females make oviposition decisions that do not appear to benefit the larvae. We propose that these decisions may reflect the living nature of the larval nutritional environment in rotting fruit. These studies illustrate the interaction between the nutritional environment, life history traits, and foraging choices in D. melanogaster, and lend insight into the ecology of their foraging decisions.
Data from: Behavioural evolution accompanying host shifts in cactophilic Drosophila larvae
For plant utilizing insects, the shift to a novel host is generally accompanied by a complex set of phenotypic adaptations. Many such adaptations arise in response to differences in plant chemistry, competitive environment, or abiotic conditions. One less well-understood factor in the evolution of phytophagous insects is the selective environment provided by plant shape and volume. Does the physical structure of a new plant host favour certain phenotypes? Here, we use cactophilic Drosophila, which have colonized the necrotic tissues of cacti with dramatically different shapes and volumes, to examine this question. Specifically, we analysed two behavioural traits in larvae, pupation height and activity, that we predicted might be related to the ability to utilise variably shaped hosts. We found that populations of D. mojavensis living on lengthy columnar or barrel cactus hosts have greater activity and pupate higher in a lab environment than populations living on small and flat prickly pear cactus cladodes. Crosses between the most phenotypically extreme populations suggest that the genetic architectures of these behaviours are distinct. A comparison of activity in additional cactophilic species that are specialized on small and large cactus hosts shows a consistent trend. Thus, we suggest that greater motility and an associated tendency to pupate higher in the lab are potential larval adaptations for life on a large plant where space is more abundant and resources may be more sparsely distributed.
Data from: The peripheral olfactory code in Drosophila larvae contains temporal information and is robust over multiple timescales
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Data from: Drosophila melanogaster larvae make nutritional choices that minimize developmental time
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Data from: Behavioural evolution accompanying host shifts in cactophilic Drosophila larvae
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Data from: New insights for Drosophila GAGA factor in larvae
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.