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15 results for “Drought intensity”
Data from: Drought and immunity determine the intensity of West Nile virus epidemics and climate change impacts
The effect of global climate change on infectious disease remains hotly debated because multiple extrinsic and intrinsic drivers interact to influence transmission dynamics in nonlinear ways. The dominant drivers of widespread pathogens, like West Nile virus, can be challenging to identify due to regional variability in vector and host ecology, with past studies producing disparate findings. Here, we used analyses at national and state scales to examine a suite of climatic and intrinsic drivers of continental-scale West Nile virus epidemics, including an empirically derived mechanistic relationship between temperature and transmission potential that accounts for spatial variability in vectors. We found that drought was the primary climatic driver of increased West Nile virus epidemics, rather than within-season or winter temperatures, or precipitation independently. Local-scale data from one region suggested drought increased epidemics via changes in mosquito infection prevalence rather than mosquito abundance. In addition, human acquired immunity following regional epidemics limited subsequent transmission in many states. We show that over the next 30 years, increased drought severity from climate change could triple West Nile virus cases, but only in regions with low human immunity. These results illustrate how changes in drought severity can alter the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases.
Recent tree diversity increase in NE Iberian forests following intense management release: a task for animal-dispersed and drought tolerant species
<ol> <li>Under increasing human-related threats to forests, many studies suggest that increasing tree species diversity may boost forest resilience by enhancing the range of species' responses to disturbances. However, it remains unclear whether passive or active forest management strategies should be applied to increase tree diversity. This issue would benefit from investigating which management and environmental factors, together with species' functional traits influence temporal changes in tree species diversity.</li> <li>We explored the influence of the bioclimatic region, land-use history, forest cover, protection, management, forest structure and changes in temperature and precipitation, to explain tree species diversity changes in NE Iberian forests, by comparing 3141 plots from the Spanish National Forest Inventory sampled between 1989 and 2016. Moreover, we assessed which species' functional traits (dispersal habit, drought and shade tolerance) were most relevant for diversity changes.</li> <li>After 27 years, tree species richness and diversity moderately increased in the tree and regeneration layers. This trend occurred mostly in long-established, non-recently managed forests and in those with a lower initial basal area. Increasing temperature had negative effects for diversity increase in the tree layer but positive for the regeneration compartment, while decreasing precipitation showed the opposite effects.</li> <li>Tree species with higher drought tolerance, and especially those animal-dispersed ones arriving from the regional pool, mostly contributed to the local diversity increase. This pattern occurred in all forest types, although the taxonomic array of species varied.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications.</em> The main drivers influencing the passive increase in tree species diversity suggest a primary role of diminishing forest exploitation in this recovery process, fine-tuned by climatic changes. This ecological scenario has particularly favored animal-dispersed tree species with higher drought tolerance, which mostly led the diversity increase. A higher presence of such highly mobile and drought-tolerant species can be crucial to increase functional diversity and, ultimately, increase forest resilience under future scenarios of greater aridity. In light of these results, management strategies should continue fostering the restoration of diversity in once intensively exploited forests while ensuring the maintenance of the already gained tree species diversity.</li> </ol>
Growth resilience of conifer species decreases with early, long-lasting and intense droughts but cannot be explained by hydraulic traits
<p><span>Drought events may reduce growth and survival of conifer trees. The effects of the intensity and timing of drought on the growth resilience, including growth reductions during drought and recovery of growth after drought, remains however highly uncertain.</span></p> <p><span>Growth resilience of 20 conifer species to 11 dry years was compared in a common garden experiment. We assessed 1) the relationships among growth resistance, recovery and resilience, 2) the impacts of different drought dimensions (intensity, onset and length) on resistance, and 3) the underlying mechanisms in terms of growth potential and hydraulic traits. </span></p> <p><span>Droughts led to 22% reduction in stem growth for 85% of species, but most species (85%) were resilient due to high recovery. Growth resistance decreased with an early onset of drought (significant for 55% of species), and longer lasting (35%) and intense droughts (60%). While </span><span>fast-growing species and slow-growing species were similar in resistance and recovery, fast-growing species were more resilient. </span><span>Unexpectedly, resilience could not be explained by hydraulic traits, possibly because the species grew on poor sandy soils and were acclimated to drought with large hydraulic safety margins.</span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis </em>Our study shows that in a mild maritime climate almost all conifer species are resilient to drought, and that putative hydraulic traits may be less important here for growth resilience. It also highlights the importance of addressing multiple dimensions of drought, i.e., timing, duration and severity, to predict species responses to climate change.</span></p>
Multivariate Flash Drought Intensity Index Datasets
<p><span>This repository contains the Flash Drought Intensity Index (FDII) datasets associated with the manuscript entitled “</span><span>Multivariate Evaluation of Flash Drought Across the United States”. The FDII explicitly accounts for the two key components of a flash drought – the rapid rate of intensification and the subsequent drought severity.</span></p>
Drought intensity alters productivity, carbon allocation, and plant nitrogen uptake in fast versus slow grassland communities
<p><span>Grasslands face more frequent and extreme droughts, yet their responses to increasing drought intensity are poorly understood. Increasing drought intensity likely triggers abrupt shifts (thresholds) in grassland ecosystem functioning which can implicate recovery trajectories. </span></p> <p><span>Here, we determined how drought intensity affects plant productivity, and plant-soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. We exposed model grassland plant communities with contrasting resource acquisition strategies (a fast- vs a slow-strategy plant community), to a gradient of drought intensity. The drought gradient ranged from well-watered to severely water-limited conditions. We identified thresholds of plant community productivity (above-ground biomass) at peak drought and two months after re-wetting, and measured net ecosystem exchange and ecosystem respiration of carbon throughout the drought and recovery phases. At peak drought and one week after re-wetting, we traced recently acquired C from plants to the soil and into microbial biomass and fatty acids using <sup>13</sup>C pulse labelling, and measured plant and soil N. </span></p> <p><span>At peak drought, slow-strategy plant communities were more drought resistant than fast-strategy communities, as the threshold in plant productivity occurred at a higher drought intensity for the slow- than the fast-strategy community. Shortly after re-wetting, microbial uptake of recent plant-assimilated C increased with increasing past drought intensity, coinciding with an increase in soil N availability and leaf N. Threshold responses to drought intensity at peak drought translated into non-linear recovery responses, with greater compensatory growth in the fast-strategy community. At peak drought, increasing drought intensity reduced C uptake and increased relative C partitioning to leaves and microbial biomass. Upon re-wetting, plant community strategy mediated drought intensity effects on plant and soil C and N dynamics and plant recovery trajectories. The fast strategy community recovered quickly, with higher leaf N than the slow community, while the slow community increased C allocation to microbial biomass. </span></p> <p><strong><span>Synthesis:</span></strong><span> Our findings highlight that C and N dynamics in the plant-soil system display non-linear responses to increasing drought intensity both during and after drought, which has implications for trajectories of plant community recovery. </span></p>
Fungal necromass is reduced by intensive drought in subsoil but not in topsoil
<p><span>The frequency and intensity of droughts worldwide are challenging the conservation of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. Microbial necromass is a key component of SOC, but how it responds to drought at specific soil depths remains largely unknown. Here, we conducted a three-year field experiment in a forest plantation to investigate the impacts of drought intensities under three treatments (ambient control (CK), moderate drought (30% throughfall removal), and intensive drought (50% throughfall removal)) on soil microbial necromass pools (i.e., bacterial necromass carbon (BNC), fungal necromass carbon (FNC), and total microbial necromass carbon (TNC)). We showed that the effects of drought on microbial necromass depended on microbial groups, soil depth, and drought intensity. While moderate drought increased total (+9.1±3.3%) and fungal (+13.5±4.9%) necromass carbon in the topsoil layer (0–15 cm), intensive drought reduced total (-31.6±3.7%) and fungal (-43.6±4.0%) necromass in the subsoil layer (15–30 cm). In contrast, both drought treatments significantly increased the bacterial necromass carbon in the topsoil and subsoil</span><span>. </span><span>Our results suggested that the effects of drought on the microbial necromass of the subsoil were more pronounced than those of the topsoil. This study highlights the complex responses of microbial necromass to drought events depending on microbial community structure, drought intensity and soil depth with global implications when forecasting carbon cycling under climate change. </span></p>
Growth resilience of conifer species decreases with early, long-lasting and intense droughts but cannot be explained by hydraulic traits
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Drought intensity alters productivity, carbon allocation, and plant nitrogen uptake in fast versus slow grassland communities
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Fungal necromass is reduced by intensive drought in subsoil but not in topsoil
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Recent tree diversity increase in NE Iberian forests following intense management release: A task for animal-dispersed and drought tolerant species
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Plant diversity enhanced yield and mitigated drought impacts in intensively managed grassland communities
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Data from: Drought and immunity determine the intensity of West Nile virus epidemics and climate change impacts
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Plant community composition and traits modulate the impacts of drought intensity on soil microbial community composition and function
<p>Terrestrial ecosystems are increasingly threatened by extreme drought events. Soil microbial communities are central to terrestrial ecosystem function via their role in regulating biogeochemical cycling. Consequently, the impact of increasingly intense drought events on soil microbial communities will have knock-on effects for how ecosystems cope with climate change. In an outdoor grassland mesocosm experiment, we determined how increasing drought intensity affects bacterial and fungal community composition, and functioning, during and after drought. We also tested whether plant community resource acquisition strategy (fast- versus slow-strategy plant communities), plant community composition, and plant functional traits mediate soil microbial responses to increasing drought intensity. We found that increasing drought intensity markedly shifted bacterial and fungal community composition, and these effects persisted until the end of the experiment (two months after re-wetting). Bacterial and fungal communities that experienced severe droughts did not return to baseline composition, while those that experienced a mild drought did. Microbial community functioning (potential extracellular enzyme activity) was reduced at peak drought and shortly after re-wetting. While drought intensity effects on bacterial or fungal communities were insensitive to plant community resource acquisition strategy, functional group abundance (aboveground biomass of grass or forb plant species) composition (grass:forb ratio) and leaf traits (leaf dry matter content and leaf nitrogen concentration) explained significant variation in bacterial and fungal community composition during and after drought. Notably, plant community leaf dry matter content and soil nitrogen were the key factors mediating the effect of increasing drought intensity on microbial indicator taxa (ASVs). We conclude that increasing drought intensity affects grassland soil microbial communities during and after drought, and this impact is influenced by plant community composition and functional traits.</p>
Drought intensity and duration interact to magnify losses in primary productivity
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Data from: Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.