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Fig. 9 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 9. Preservation (in situ) of brachiopods within massive to bedded barite blocks at Clipper Mine (Famennian, Nevada). A. Details of preservation showing costae and internal features such as the septalium and septum in sample above the scale bar. B. Typical block with dense, subparallel accumulation as seen by molds.

Fig. 5. A in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 5. A. The distribution of the Roberts Mountains Allochthon with key mines cited in this study. B. Stratigraphy of the Roberts Mountains Allochthon. Note exact position of Dzieduszyckia within the Slaven Chert is unknown due to intense faulting within the allochthon. Base map modified from Holm-Denoma et al. (2017). Stratigraphic chart based on Ketner (2013).

Fig. 8 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 8. Slaven brachiopod sediments in thin-section from Famennian, Nevada. A. Void of brachiopod shells surrounded by poikilotopic barite. Note that the barite has no preferred orientation to the shells. B. Intergrowth of coarse twinned calcite and subhedral barite. Use of retardation plate causes barite (ba) to show as bright colors against the calcite (c). C. Poor preservation of layered brachiopod shells within coarse calcite.

Fig. 6. A in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 6. A typical Slaven Chert exposed in open pit mines from Famennian, Nevada. A. Interbedded dark chert and light grey barite. Beds above fault approximately 10 cm thick. B. Exposure of in situ brachiopod molds in floor of Mountain Springs Mine (Pit A).

Fig. 11 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 11. External molds of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia spp., Famennian, Nevada, USA. A. USNM PAL 794576, block showing dense concentration of shells from in situ deposit, Mountain Springs Mine. B. USNM PAL 794577, cast showing typical triangular outline and deep sulcus. C. USNM PAL 794578, shell fragment showing relatively large costae and sulcus. D. USNM PAL 794579, specimen showing thinner costae and asymmetry about the midline. Note the rare bifurcation to left of midline. E. USMN PAL 794580, fragment of a more rounded shell with rounded costae. F. USNM PAL 794581, portion of shell showing radially divergent costae. G. USNM PAL 794582, external mold emphasizing strong biconvexity of shell.

Fig. 3 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 3. Field photograph showing two clearly distinguished dimerelloid brachiopod species, Dzieduszyckia tenuicostata (left) and Dzieduszyckia crassicostata (right), together in an allochthononous limestone boulder. Famennian (Upper Devonian), Sidi Amar, Western Meseta, Morocco.

Fig. 2. A in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 2. A. Global distribution of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia in a reconstruction of Late Devonian paleogeography. B. Map showing studied Famennian localities in Nevada, USA. Abbreviations: C, China; K, Kazakhstan; M, Morocco; N, Nevada; P, Poland; sU, Subpolar Urals; U, Urals; T, Tajikistan; X, Mexico. Inset shows localities noted in the text. Image based on data and concept in Baliński and Biernat (2003: fig. 1) who used the reconstruction of Golonka et al. (1994). The position of Tajikistan is not well constrained.

Fig. 13 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 13. Number of costae per width in centimeters of fragments in Dzieduszyckia sp. from Nevada. A. Histogram of data from all measured specimens. B. Best fit regression line assuming variance within a single species, in which costae frequency width skews toward lower values. C. Separation into two distinct species of brachiopods, with low (ca. 0.5 costa/mm) and high (ca. 1.0 costa/mm) median costae frequencies with best fit regression lines. Photos show one field sample with a representative of each group.

Fig. 1 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic occurrences of dimerelloid brachiopod genera belonging to superfamily Dimerelloidea (Buckamn, 1918). Note that this arrangement is based solely on first appearance and does not imply evolutionary lineages. The Permian age of Rhynchonellina is based on Diener (1903) and Reed (1944).

Fig. 7 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 7. Measurements of shell features. FRAG, measured fossil is a fragment of a valve. MED, fragment of valve that retains the margin and sulcus and can be used to estimate minimum width.

Fig. 4 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 4. Stratigraphic distribution of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia within the Famennian (Upper Devonian) based on conodonts and ammonoids. Biozones based on the divisions of Spalletta et al. (2017), retaining the divisions on lower, middle, upper, and uppermost Famennian. See text for age references.

Fig. 10 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 10. δ13C isotopic ratios of limestone from Clipper Mine, Nevada compared to Mexico and Morocco (Famennian). Data from Batther 2020 and this study (Nevada); Canet et al. 2014 (Mexico); Peckmann et al. 2007 Morocco).

Fig. 12 in Dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from Famennian hydrocarbon seep deposits of Slaven Chert, Nevada, USA, with insights into systematics and paleoecology of the Dimerelloidea

Fig. 12. Internal features of dimerelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia sp., Famennian, Nevada, USA. A. USNM PAL 794583, dorsal valve showing pronounced septum. B. USNM PAL 794584, internal mold of small shell showing deep septum and biconvex shell. C. USNM PAL 794585, view of hinge displaying septalium in upper, dorsal shell and vertical dental plates in lower, ventral shell. D. USNM PAL 794586, internal mold preserving relatively tall septalium. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 1. Distribution of Dzieduszyckia in the Famennian (363 Ma) reconstructed paleogeography (adapted from Golonka et al. 1994). Explanation: C, China; K, Kazakhstan; M, Morocco; N, Nevada; P, Poland; U, Urals, X, Mexico.

Fig. 9 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 9. Transverse serial sections of two specimens of Dzieduszyckia tenuicostata (Termier, 1936) from the Famennian of Bou Nebedou, Morocco (A, ZPAL Bp XVII/62−1; B, ZPAL Bp XVII/62−2). Numbers refer to distances in mm from the posterior of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 8 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 8. Transverse serial sections of two specimens of Dzieduszyckia intermedia (Termier, 1936) from the Famennian of Brouha Ahellal (A, ZPAL Bp XVII/61−1) and Touchchent (B, ZPAL Bp XVII/60−1), Morocco. Numbers refer to distances in mm from the posterior of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 5 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 5. Transverse serial sections of two specimens of Dzieduszyckia crassicostata (Termier and Termier, 1948) from the Famennian of Touchchent (A, ZPAL Bp XVII/54−1) and Bou Nebedou (B, ZPAL Bp XVII/59−2), Morocco. Numbers refer to distances in mm from the posterior of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 2 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 2. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic values from Dzieduszyckia samples from Morocco and Poland; solid symbols, shell fabric with admixture of sediment; open symbols, sediment.

Fig. 7 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 7. Dzieduszyckia intermedia (Termier, 1936) from the Famennian of Morocco. A. Lectotype ZPAL Bp XVII/37−6 from Bou Nebedou in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), and anterior (A5) views; figured also in Termier (1936: pl. 12: 14) and Termier and Termier (1950: pl. 100: 9). B. Morphotype alata ZPAL Bp XVII/8−8 from Ahellal in dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views. C. Morphotype alata ZPAL Bp XVII/41−1 from Bou Nebedou in dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views; figured also in Termier (1936: pl. 13: 3). D. Morphotype globosa ZPAL Bp XVII/28−1 from Bou Nebedou in dorsal (D1), lateral (D2), and anterior (D3) views figured also in Termier and Termier (1950: pl. 100: 3). E. Large shell ZPAL Bp XVII/2−7 from Touchchent in dorsal (E1), lateral (E2), and anterior (E3) views. All in natural size.

Fig. 4 in New observations on rhynchonelloid brachiopod Dzieduszyckia from the Famennian of Morocco

Fig. 4. Transverse serial sections of Dzieduszyckia crassicostata (Termier and Termier, 1948) from the Famennian of Bou Nebedou, Morocco (ZPAL Bp XVII/59−1). Numbers refer to distances in mm from the posterior of the ventral umbo.