Find research datasets worth reusing

EOL v3 data model Ontologies: stylesheet (.css)

Note: Some XML files need the stylesheet (.xsl and .css).For questions or use cases calling for large, multi-use aggregate data files, please visit the EOL Services forum at http://discuss.eol.org/c/eol-services

EOL v3 data model Ontologies: stylesheet (.xsl)

EOL Fossil Fishes Patch: EOL Fossil Fishes Patch

Taxonomy of fossil fishes compiled from multiple sources: Bardack, D. & Richardson, E. S., Jr. 1977. New agnathous fishes from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Fieldiana, Geology 33(26):489-510. <a href="http://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5167">http://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5167</a> Bardack, D. and Zangerl, R., 1968. First fossil lamprey: a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science, 162(3859), pp.1265-1267. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1265">http://doi.org/10.1126/science.162.3859.1265</a> Denison, R.H., 1967. Ordovician vertebrates from western United States. Fieldiana, Geology 16(6):131-192. <a href="http://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5321">http://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5321</a> Denison, R.H., 1970. Revised classification of Pteraspididae with description of new forms from Wyoming. Fieldiana, Geology 20(1):1-41. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3330">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3330</a> Dineley, D.L., 1964. New specimens of Traquairaspis from Canada. Palaeontology 7:210–219. Dineley, D. L. and Loeffler, E. J. 1976. Osctracoderm faunas of the Delorme and associated Siluro-Devonian formations, North West Territories, Canada. Spec. Pap. Paleont. 18:1-214. Dzik, J. and Moskalenko, T.A., 2016. Problematic scale-like fossils from the Ordovician of Siberia with possible affinities to vertebrates. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, pp.251-260. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2016/0553">http://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2016/0553</a>  Janvier, P. and Lund, R., 1983. Hardistiella montanensis n. gen. et sp.(Petromyzontida) from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana, with remarks on the affinities of the lampreys. Journal of vertebrate Paleontology, 2(4), pp.407-413. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1983.10011943">http://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1983.10011943</a>  Märss, T., 2019. Silurian cyathaspidid heterostracans of Northern Eurasia. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 68(3), pp.113-146. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2019.11">https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2019.11</a>  Märss, T. and Karatajūte-Talimaa, V., 2009. Late Silurian-Early Devonian tessellated heterostraean Oniscolepis Pander, 1856 from the East Baltic and North Timan. Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(1). <a href="http://doi.org/10.3176/EARTH.2009.1.05">http://doi.org/10.3176/EARTH.2009.1.05</a>  Paleobiology Database, PBDB, accessed at h<a>ttps://paleobiodb.org</a>  Shu, D.G., Luo, H.L., Conway Morris, S., Zhang, X.L., Hu, S.X., Chen, L., Han, J.I.A.N., Zhu, M., Li, Y. and Chen, L.Z., 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature, 402(6757), pp.42-46. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1038/46965">http://doi.org/10.1038/46965</a>  Tarlo, L. B. H. 1964. Psammosteiformes (Agnatha). 1 General part. Palaeontologia Polonica 13:1-135. Tarrant, P.R., 1991. The ostracoderm Phialaspis from the Lower Devonian of the Welsh Borderland and South Wales. Palaeontology 34:399–438. Van der Laan, R., 2018. Family-group names of fossil fishes. European Journal of Taxonomy, (466). <a href="http://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.466">http://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2018.466</a>  WoRMS Editorial Board (2020). World Register of Marine Species. Available from <a href="http://www.marinespecies.org">http://www.marinespecies.org</a> at VLIZ. <a href="https://doi.org/10.14284/170">https://doi.org/10.14284/170</a>  Zarling, A., 2017. Phenotypic trajectories during the evolution of hybrid lineages: the case of Oophaga histrionica and Oophaga lehmanni. Thesis, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia. <a href="http://doi.org/10.1038/nature0473">http://doi.org/10.1038/nature0473</a>

EOL Microbes Patch (MIP) - active: EOL Microbes Patch 2023

Bacteria, viruses & microbial Eukaryotes to complement NCBI & WoRMS coverage. Hierarchy follows NCBI & Adl et al. 2019. <h3>References </h3> Adam, Rodney D. 2017. Diplomonadida. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_1-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_1-1</a> Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691">https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 </a> Azevedo, Carlos, and P. M. Hine. 2017. Haplosporidia. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_16-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_16-1</a> Baldauf, Sandra L., and Joan E. Strassmann. 2017. Dictyostelia. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_14-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_14-1</a> Beakes, Gordon W., and Marco Thines. Hyphochytriomycota and Oomycota. 2016. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_26-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_26-1</a> Bennett, R. M., D. Honda, G. W. Beakes, and M. Thines. 2017. Labyrinthulomycota. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_25-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_25-1</a> Boltovskoy, D., ed., 1999. South Atlantic zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. Boltovskoy, Demetrio, O. Roger Anderson, and Nancy M. Correa. 2017. Radiolaria and Phaeodaria. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-2</a> Brown, Matthew W., Jeffrey D. Silberman, and Frederick W. Spiegel. 2010. A Contemporary Evaluation of the Acrasids (Acrasidae, Heterolobosea, Excavata). European Journal of Protistology 48(2):103–23. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2011.10.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2011.10.001 </a> Bulman, Simon, and Sigrid Neuhauser. 2017. Phytomyxea. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_24-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_24-1</a> Burki, F., 2014. The Eukaryotic Tree of Life from a Global Phylogenomic Perspective. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 6, a016147. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016147">https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016147 </a> Burki Fabien, Kaplan Maia, Tikhonenkov Denis V., Zlatogursky Vasily, Minh Bui Quang, Radaykina Liudmila V., Smirnov Alexey, Mylnikov Alexander P., Keeling Patrick J., 2016. Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, 20152802. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2802">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 </a> Burreson, Eugene M., and Susan E. Ford. 2004. A Review of Recent Information on the Haplosporidia, with Special Reference to Haplosporidium Nelsoni (MSX Disease). Aquatic Living Resources 17(4):499–517. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2004056">https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2004056</a> Cali, Ann, James J. Becnel, and Peter M. Takvorian. 2017. Microsporidia. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_27-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_27-1</a> Caragnano, A., Foetisch, A., Maneveldt, G.W., Millet, L., Liu, L.-C., Lin, S.-M., Rodondi, G., Payri, C.E., 2018. Revision of Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta): recognizing Dawsoniolithon gen. nov., Parvicellularium gen. nov. and Chamberlainoideae subfam. nov. containing Chamberlainium gen. nov. and Pneophyllum. Journal of Phycology 54, 391–409. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12644">https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12644 </a> Cavalier-Smith, T., 2016. Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa. European Journal of Protistology 56, 250–276. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003 </a> Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., 2010. Phylogeny and Evolution of Apusomonadida (Protozoa: Apusozoa): New Genera and Species. Protist 161, 549–576. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2010.04.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2010.04.002 </a> Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E., Lewis, R., 2018. Multigene phylogeny and cell evolution of chromist infrakingdom Rhizaria: contrasting cell organisation of sister phyla Cercozoa and Retaria. Protoplasma 255, 1517–1574. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1241-1 </a> Cavalier-Smith, T., Chao, E.E.-Y., 2006. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). J. Mol. Evol. 62, 388–420. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8 </a> Čepička, Ivan, Michael F. Dolan, and Gillian H. Gile. 2016. Parabasalia. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_9-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_9-1</a> Cook, Martha E., and Linda E. Graham. 2016. Chlorokybophyceae, Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_36-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_36-1</a> Díaz-Tapia, P., Pasella, M.M., Verbruggen, H., Maggs, C.A., 2019. Morphological evolution and classification of the red algal order Ceramiales inferred using plastid phylogenomics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 137, 76–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.022 </a> Eikrem, Wenche, Linda K Medlin, Jorijntje Henderiks, Sebastian Rokitta, Björn Rost, Ian Probert, Jahn Throndsen, and Bente Edvardsen. 2017. Haptophyta. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_38-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_38-2</a> Eliá&scaron;, Marek, Raquel Amaral, Karen P. Fawley, Marvin W. Fawley, Yvonne Němcová, Jiří Neustupa, Pavel Přibyl, Lilia M. A. Santos, and Tereza &Scaron;evčíková. 2017. Eustigmatophyceae. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_39-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_39-1</a> Fang, Ling, Frederik Leliaert, Phil M. Novis, Zhenhua Zhang, Huan Zhu, Guoxiang Liu, David Penny, and Bojian Zhong. 2018. Improving Phylogenetic Inference of Core Chlorophyta Using Chloroplast Sequences with Strong Phylogenetic Signals and Heterogeneous Models. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 127:248–55.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.006</a> Fang, Ling, Frederik Leliaert, Zhen-Hua Zhang, David Penny, and Bo-Jian Zhong. 2017. Evolution of the Chlorophyta: Insights from Chloroplast Phylogenomic Analyses. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 55(4):322–32. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12248">https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12248</a> Frank W. 1984. Non-Hemoparasitic Protozoans. In: Hoff G.L., Frye F.L., Jacobson E.R. (eds) Diseases of Amphibians and Reptiles. Springer, Boston, MA.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9391-1_19">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9391-1_19 </a> Fučíková, Karolina, Paul O Lewis, Suman Neupane, Kenneth G. Karol, and Louise A. Lewis. 2019. Order, Please! Uncertainty in the Ordinal-Level Classification of Chlorophyceae. PeerJ 7 e6899. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6899">https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6899</a> Gao, F., Warren, A., Zhang, Q., Gong, J., Miao, M., Sun, P., Xu, D., Huang, J., Yi, Z., Song, W., 2016. The All-Data-Based Evolutionary Hypothesis of Ciliated Protists with a Revised Classification of the Phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata). Scientific Reports 6, 24874. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24874">https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24874</a> Gast, Rebecca J. 2017. Centrohelida and Other Heliozoan-Like Protists. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_28-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_28-1</a> Gibson, Wendy. 2016. Kinetoplastea. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_7-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_7-1</a> Gkelis, Spyros, Iordanis Ourailidis, Manthos Panou, and Nikos Pappas. 2016. Cyanobacteria of Greece: An Annotated Checklist. Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e10084. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e10084">https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e10084</a> Gomaa, F., Lahr, D.J.G., Todorov, M., Li, J., Lara, E., 2017. A contribution to the phylogeny of agglutinating Arcellinida (Amoebozoa) based on SSU rRNA gene sequences. Eur. J. Protistol. 59, 99–107. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2017.03.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2017.03.005 </a> Gomez, F 2012. A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata). CICIMAR Oceanides 27:65–140. Gontcharov, A.A., 2008. Phylogeny and classification of Zygnematophyceae (Streptophyta): current state of affairs. Fottea 8, 87–104. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2008.004">https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2008.004 </a> Groves, John R., Demír Altiner, and Roberto Rettori. 2003. Origin and Early Evolutionary Radiation of the Order Lagenida (Foraminifera). Journal of Paleontology 77(5): 831–43. Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2020. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. <a href="https://www.algaebase.org">https://www.algaebase.org </a> Hall, John D., and Richard McCourt. 2017. Zygnematophyta. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_41-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_41-2</a> Hampl, Vladimir. 2016. Preaxostyla. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_8-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_8-1</a> Hauer, T. & Komárek, J. 2020: CyanoDB 2.0 - On-line database of cyanobacterial genera. - World-wide electronic publication, Univ. of South Bohemia & Inst. of Botany AS CR, <a href="http://www.cyanodb.cz">http://www.cyanodb.cz</a> Heiss, Aaron A., Matthew W. Brown, and Alastair G. B. Simpson. 2016. Apusomonadida. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_15-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_15-1</a> Hoef-Emden, Kerstin, and John M. Archibald. 2016. Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads). In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_35-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_35-1</a> Horiguchi, Takeo. 2016. Raphidophyceae (Raphidophyta). In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_37-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_37-1</a> Jeon, Boo Seong, Seung Won Nam, Sunju Kim, Myung Gil Park, Boo Seong Jeon, Seung Won Nam, Sunju Kim, and Myung Gil Park. 2018. Revisiting the Parvilucifera Infectans / P. Sinerae (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa) Species Complex, Two Parasitoids of Dinoflagellates. Algae 33(1):1–19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2018.33.3.6">https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2018.33.3.6</a> Karpov, S.A., López-García, P., Mamkaeva, M.A., Klimov, V.I., Vishnyakov, A.E., Tcvetkova, V.S., Moreira, D., 2018. The Chytrid-like Parasites of Algae Amoeboradix gromovi gen. et sp. nov. and Sanchytrium tribonematis Belong to a New Fungal Lineage. Protist 169, 122–140. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.002 </a> Karpov, S.A., Vishnyakov, A.E., Moreira, D., López‐García, P., 2019. The Ultrastructure of Sanchytrium tribonematis (Sanchytriaceae, Fungi incertae sedis) Confirms its Close Relationship to Amoeboradix. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 892–898. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12740">https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12740 </a> Kawai, Hiroshi, and Eric C. Henry. 2016. Phaeophyta. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_31-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_31-1</a> Keeling, Patrick J. 2016. Chlorarachniophytes. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_34-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_34-1</a> Komárek, J., Ka&scaron;tovský, J., Mare&scaron;, J., & Johansen, J. R. 2014. Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach. Preslia, 86(4):295-335. Kosakyan, A., Gomaa, F., Lara, E., Lahr, D.J.G., 2016. Current and future perspectives on the systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature of testate amoebae. European Journal of Protistology, Special issue on Testate Amoebae – a tribute to Ralf Meisterfeld 55, 105–117. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.001 </a> Kostka, Martin. 2016. Opalinata. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_4-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_4-1</a> Kristiansen, Jørgen, and Pavel &Scaron;kaloud. 2016. Chrysophyta. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_43-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_43-1</a> Kulda, Jaroslav, Eva Nohýnková, and Ivan Čepička. 2017. Retortamonadida (with Notes on Carpediemonas-Like Organisms and Caviomonadidae). In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_3-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_3-1</a> Lado, C., Eliasson, U., 2017. Chapter 7 - Taxonomy and Systematics: Current Knowledge and Approaches on the Taxonomic Treatment of Myxomycetes, in: Stephenson, S.L., Rojas, C. (Eds.), Myxomycetes. Academic Press, pp. 205–251. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805089-7.00007-X">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805089-7.00007-X </a> Leander, Brian S., Gordon Lax, Anna Karnkowska, and Alastair G. B. Simpson. 2017. Euglenida. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_13-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_13-1</a> Lemieux, Claude, Antony T. Vincent, Aurélie Labarre, Christian Otis, and Monique Turmel. 2015. Chloroplast Phylogenomic Analysis of Chlorophyte Green Algae Identifies a Novel Lineage Sister to the Sphaeropleales (Chlorophyceae). BMC Evolutionary Biology 15(1): 264. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0544-5">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0544-5</a> Lester, R. J. G., and P. M. Hine. 2017. Paramyxida. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_21-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_21-1</a> Letcher, Peter M., and Martha J. Powell. 2018. A Taxonomic Summary and Revision of Rozella (Cryptomycota). IMA Fungus 9:383–99. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.09">https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.09</a> Letcher, Peter M., and Martha J. Powell. 2019. A Taxonomic Summary of Aphelidiaceae. IMA Fungus 10(1):4. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-019-0005-7">https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-019-0005-7</a> Lynn, Denis. 2008. The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature. 3rd ed. Springer Netherlands. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8239-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8239-9</a> Lynn, Denis H. 2016. Ciliophora. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_23-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_23-1</a> Maistro, Silvia, Paul Broady, Carlo Andreoli, and Enrico Negrisolo. 2016. Xanthophyceae. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_30-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_30-1</a> Mandal, F. B., N. C. Nandi, and A. K. Mandal. 1993. Catalouge of the Protozoans occurring in Reptiles from India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occasional Paper 148:1-36. Mann, David G., Richard M. Crawford, and Frank E. Round. 2016. Bacillariophyta. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_29-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_29-1</a> McCourt, Richard M., Kenneth G. Karol, John D. Hall, Michelle T. Casanova, and Michael C. Grant. 2017. Charophyceae (Charales). In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_40-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_40-2</a> Meriluoto, J., Spoof L., Codd, G. A., eds. 2017. Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis, First Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Novozhilov, Y.K., van Hooff, H., Jagers, M., 2014. Trichioides iridescens, a new genus and new species (incertae sedis in Myxomycetes). Mycol Progress 14, 1018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-1018-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-1018-7 </a> Okamoto, Noriko, Ryan M. R. Gawryluk, Javier del Campo, Jürgen F. H. Strassert, Julius Luke&scaron;, Thomas A. Richards, Alexandra Z. Worden, Alyson E. Santoro, and Patrick J. Keeling. 2019. A Revised Taxonomy of Diplonemids Including the Eupelagonemidae n. Fam. and a Type Species, Eupelagonema Oceanica n. Gen. & Sp. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66(3):519–24. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12679">https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12679</a> Pánek, Tomá&scaron;, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Matthew W. Brown, and Betsey Dexter Dyer. 2017. Heterolobosea. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_10-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_10-1</a> Parke, M. & Dixon, P. S. 1976. Check-list of British marine algae - third revision. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 56:527-594. Powell, Martha J. 2016. Blastocladiomycota. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_17-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_17-1</a> Powell, Martha J. 2016. Chytridiomycota. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_18-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_18-1</a> Price, Dana C., Jürgen M. Steiner, Hwan Su Yoon, Debashish Bhattacharya, and Wolfgang Löffelhardt. 2017. Glaucophyta. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1</a> Richter, Daniel J., and Frank Nitsche. 2016. Choanoflagellatea. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_5-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_5-1</a> Roger Anderson, O. 2017. Amoebozoan Lobose Amoebae (Tubulinea, Flabellinea, and Others). In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_2-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_2-1</a> Ronikier, A., Halamski, A.T., 2018. Is Myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) a Truly Ambiregnal Group? A Major Issue in Protist Nomenclature. Protist 169, 484–493. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2018.05.002">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2018.05.002 </a> Rees, T (compiler) (2020). The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera. Available from <a href="http://www.irmng.org">http://www.irmng.org</a> at VLIZ. Roskov Y., et al. eds., 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist. Digital resource at <a href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col">http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col</a> Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 </a> Sahoo, D. & Kumar, S. 2015. Xanthophyceae, Euglenophyceae and Dinophyceae. In The Algae World, Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, 259–305. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7321-8_9">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7321-8_9 </a> Saldarriaga, J. F., and F. J. R. Taylor. 2017. Dinoflagellata. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_22-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_22-1</a> Sheikh, S., Thulin, M., Cavender, J.C., Escalante, R., Kawakami, S., Lado, C., Landolt, J.C., Nanjundiah, V., Queller, D.C., Strassmann, J.E., Spiegel, F.W., Stephenson, S.L., Vadell, E.M., Baldauf, S.L., 2018. A New Classification of the Dictyostelids. Protist 169, 1–28. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2017.11.001 </a> Siemensma, F. J., Microworld - world of amoeboid organisms. World-wide electronic publication, Kortenhoef, the Netherlands. <a href="https://www.arcella.nl/">https://www.arcella.nl/ </a> Simpson, Alastair G. B. 2016. Jakobida. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_6-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_6-1</a> Simpson, Alastair G. B., Claudio H. Slamovits, and John M. Archibald. 2017. Protist Diversity and Eukaryote Phylogeny. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_45-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_45-1</a> Spiegel, Frederick W., Lora L. Shadwick, George G. Ndiritu, Matthew W. Brown, Maria Aguilar, and John D. Shadwick. 2017. Protosteloid Amoebae (Protosteliida, Protosporangiida, Cavosteliida, Schizoplasmodiida, Fractoviteliida, and Sporocarpic Members of Vannellida, Centramoebida, and Pellitida). In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_12-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_12-1</a> Stephenson, Steven L., and Martin Schnittler. 2017. Myxomycetes. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_44-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_44-1</a> Tashyreva, Daria, Galina Prokopchuk, Akinori Yabuki, Binnypreet Kaur, Drahomíra Faktorová, Jan Votýpka, Chiho Kusaka, et al. 2018. Phylogeny and Morphology of New Diplonemids from Japan. Protist 169(2):158–79. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2018.02.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2018.02.001</a> Tendal, Ole, and Robert Hessler. 1977. An Introduction to the Biology and Systematics of Komokiacea. Galathea Report 14:165-194. Vachard, Daniel. 2018. Permian Smaller Foraminifers: Taxonomy, Biostratigraphy and Biogeography. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 450(1): 205–52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1144/SP450.1">https://doi.org/10.1144/SP450.1</a> Votýpka, Jan, David Modrý, Miroslav Oborník, Jan &Scaron;lapeta, and Julius Luke&scaron;. 2017. Apicomplexa. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_20-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_20-1</a> Walker, Giselle, Eli&scaron;ka Zadrobílková, and Ivan Čepička. 2017. Archamoebae. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_11-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_11-1</a> Wallace, F.G., 1966. The trypanosomatid parasites of insects and arachnids. Experimental Parasitology 18, 124–193. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(66)90015-4">https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4894(66)90015-4</a> Witkowski, Jakub, Patricia A. Sims, Nina I. Strelnikova, and David M. Williams. 2015. Entogoniopsis Gen. Nov. and Trilamina Gen. Nov. (Bacillariophyta): A Survey of Multipolar Pseudocellate Diatoms with Internal Costae, Including Comments on the Genus Sheshukovia Gleser. Phytotaxa 209(1): 1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.209.1.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.209.1.1</a> WoRMS Editorial Board (2020). World Register of Marine Species. Available from http://www.marinespecies.org at VLIZ. <a href="https://doi.org/10.14284/170">https://doi.org/10.14284/170 </a> Yoon, Hwan Su, Wendy Nelson, Sandra C. Lindstrom, Sung Min Boo, Curt Pueschel, Huan Qiu, and Debashish Bhattacharya. 2016. Rhodophyta. In Handbook of the Protists, edited by John M. Archibald, Alastair G.B. Simpson, Claudio H. Slamovits, Lynn Margulis, Michael Melkonian, David J. Chapman, and John O. Corliss, 1–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_33-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_33-1</a>

EOL Mammals Patch (MAM)

Mammal taxa to complement ITIS mammal data & support mammal trait data sets. <h3>References</h3> Abello, M.A., Reyes, M.D.L., Candela, A.M., Pujos, F., Voglino, D., Quispe, B.M., 2015. Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia. Zootaxa 3937, 147. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.7">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.1.7</a> Agnarsson, I., May-Collado, L.J., 2008. The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48, 964–985. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046</a> Almendra, A.L., Rogers, D.S., González-Cózatl, F.X., 2014. Molecular phylogenetics of the Handleyomys chapmani complex in Mesoamerica. J Mammal 95, 26–40. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-044.1">https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-044.1</a> Álvarez, A., Arévalo, R.L.M., Verzi, D.H., 2017. Diversification patterns and size evolution in caviomorph rodents. Biol J Linn Soc 121, 907–922. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx026">https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx026</a> ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists. <a href="https://mammaldiversity.org/">https://mammaldiversity.org/ </a> Averianov, A.O., Lopatin, A.V., 2014. High-level systematics of placental mammals: Current status of the problem. Biol Bull Russ Acad Sci 41, 801–816. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359014090039">https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359014090039</a> Bai, W., Dong, W., Zhang, L., Wei, Q., Liu, W., Chen, Z., 2019. New material of the Early Pleistocene spiral horned antelope spirocerus (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from North China and discussion on its evolution. Quaternary International 522, 94–102. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.06.029">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2019.06.029</a> Balakirev, A.E., Phuong, B.X., Phuong, P.M., Rozhnov, V.V., 2011. On taxonomic status of Pseudoberylmys muongbangensis new species and genus described from Son La Province, Vietnam; Does it new or pseudo-new species? Proceedings of the 4th National Scientific Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources, 11-18. Bates, H., Travouillon, K.J., Cooke, B., Beck, R.M.D., Hand, S.J., Archer, M., 2014. Three new Miocene species of musky rat-kangaroos (Hypsiprymnodontidae, Macropodoidea): description, phylogenetics and paleoecology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34, 383–396. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.812098">https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.812098</a> Begun, D.R., 2010. Miocene Hominids and the Origins of the African Apes and Humans. Annual Review of Anthropology 39, 67–84. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105047">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105047</a> Begun, D.R., 2015. Fossil Record of Miocene Hominoids, in: Henke, W., Tattersall, I. (Eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1261–1332. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_32">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_32</a> Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Bhandari, A., Kay, R.F., Williams, B.A., Tiwari, B.N., Bajpai, S., Hieronymus, T., 2018. First record of the Miocene hominoid Sivapithecus from Kutch, Gujarat state, western India. PLOS ONE 13, e0206314. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206314">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206314</a> Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Cardillo, M., Jones, K.E., MacPhee, R.D.E., Beck, R.M.D., Grenyer, R., Price, S.A., Vos, R.A., Gittleman, J.L., Purvis, A., 2007. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446, 507–512. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05634">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05634</a> Boulbes, N., van Asperen, E.N., 2019. Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology of European Equus. Front. Ecol. Evol. 7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00301">https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00301</a> Brace, S., Turvey, S.T., Weksler, M., Hoogland, M.L.P., Barnes, I., 2015. Unexpected evolutionary diversity in a recently extinct Caribbean mammal radiation. Proc Biol Sci 282. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2371">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2371</a> Carbone, L., Alan Harris, R., Gnerre, S., Veeramah, K.R., Lorente-Galdos, B., Huddleston, J., Meyer, T.J., Herrero, J., Roos, C., Aken, B., Anaclerio, F., Archidiacono, N., Baker, C., Barrell, D., Batzer, M.A., Beal, K., Blancher, A., Bohrson, C.L., Brameier, M., Campbell, M.S., Capozzi, O., Casola, C., Chiatante, G., Cree, A., Damert, A., de Jong, P.J., Dumas, L., Fernandez-Callejo, M., Flicek, P., Fuchs, N.V., Gut, I., Gut, M., Hahn, M.W., Hernandez-Rodriguez, J., Hillier, L.W., Hubley, R., Ianc, B., Izsvák, Z., Jablonski, N.G., Johnstone, L.M., Karimpour-Fard, A., Konkel, M.K., Kostka, D., Lazar, N.H., Lee, S.L., Lewis, L.R., Liu, Y., Locke, D.P., Mallick, S., Mendez, F.L., Muffato, M., Nazareth, L.V., Nevonen, K.A., O__Bleness, M., Ochis, C., Odom, D.T., Pollard, K.S., Quilez, J., Reich, D., Rocchi, M., Schumann, G.G., Searle, S., Sikela, J.M., Skollar, G., Smit, A., Sonmez, K., Hallers, B. ten, Terhune, E., Thomas, G.W.C., Ullmer, B., Ventura, M., Walker, J.A., Wall, J.D., Walter, L., Ward, M.C., Wheelan, S.J., Whelan, C.W., White, S., Wilhelm, L.J., Woerner, A.E., Yandell, M., Zhu, B., Hammer, M.F., Marques-Bonet, T., Eichler, E.E., Fulton, L., Fronick, C., Muzny, D.M., Warren, W.C., Worley, K.C., Rogers, J., Wilson, R.K., Gibbs, R.A., 2014. Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes. Nature 513, 195–201. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13679">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13679</a> de Ruiter, D.J., Churchill, S.E., Hawks, J., Berger, L.R., 2017. Late Australopiths and the Emergence of Homo. Annual Review of Anthropology 46, 99–115. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041734">https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102116-041734</a> Chimento, N.R., Agnolin, F.L., Novas, F.E., 2015. The bizarre __metatherians__ Groeberia and Patagonia, late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals. Historical Biology 27, 603–623. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.903945">https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.903945</a> Christiansen, P., 2013. Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids (Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae). Cladistics 29, 543–559. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12008">https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12008</a> Cooper, L.N., Seiffert, E.R., Clementz, M., Madar, S.I., Bajpai, S., Hussain, S.T., Thewissen, J.G.M., 2014. Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls. PLOS ONE 9, e109232. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109232">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109232</a> Courcelle, M., Tilak, M.-K., Leite, Y.L.R., Douzery, E.J.P., Fabre, P.-H., 2019. Digging for the spiny rat and hutia phylogeny using a gene capture approach, with the description of a new mammal subfamily. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 136, 241–253. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.007</a> Cox, P.G., Hautier, L., 2015. Evolution of the Rodents: Volume 5: Advances in Phylogeny, Functional Morphology and Development. Cambridge University Press.  Croitor, R., 2017. Description of a new deer species (Cervidae, Mammalia) from the Early Pliocene of Eastern Europe, with a review of early dispersals and palaeobiogeography of the subfamily Cervinae. neues jahrb geol palaontol abh 283, 85–108. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2017/0630">https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2017/0630</a> Croitor, R., 2006. Taxonomy and systematics of large-sized deer of the genus Praemegaceros PORTIS, 1920 (Cervidae, Mammalia). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 256, 91–116. Delsuc, F., Gibb, G.C., Kuch, M., Billet, G., Hautier, L., Southon, J., Rouillard, J.-M., Fernicola, J.C., Vizcaíno, S.F., MacPhee, R.D.E., Poinar, H.N., 2016. The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current Biology 26, R155–R156. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039</a> Delsuc, F., Scally, M., Madsen, O., Stanhope, M.J., de Jong, W.W., Catzeflis, F.M., Springer, M.S., Douzery, E.J.P., 2002. Molecular Phylogeny of Living Xenarthrans and the Impact of Character and Taxon Sampling on the Placental Tree Rooting. Mol Biol Evol 19, 1656–1671. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003989">https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003989</a> dos Reis Mario, Inoue Jun, Hasegawa Masami, Asher Robert J., Donoghue Philip C. J., Yang Ziheng, 2012. Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, 3491–3500. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0683">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0683</a> Eisenmann, V., 2010. Sussemionus, a new subgenus of Equus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia). Comptes Rendus Biologies 333, 235–240. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2009.12.013</a> Emmons, L.H. and Patton, J.L. 2015. Genus Pattonomys Emmons, 2005. In: Patton, J.L., Paridas, U.F.J. and D__Elía, G. (eds), Mammals of South America , pp. 910-915. The University of Chicago Press. Emmons LH, Fabre P-H. 2018. A Review of the Pattonomys/Toromys Clade (Rodentia: Echimyidae), with Descriptions of a New Toromys Species and a New Genus. American Museum Novitates 3894: 1-52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1206/3894.1">https://doi.org/10.1206/3894.1 </a> Fabre P.-H., Douzery E. J. P. & Hautier L. 2015. A synopsis of the rodent systematics, biogeography and diversification history. In "Evolution of the Rodents: Advances in Phylogenetics, Functional Morphology and Development", Cox P. & Hautier L., éditeurs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ferreira, J.D., Zamorano, M., Ribeiro, A.M., Ferreira, J.D., Zamorano, M., Ribeiro, A.M., 2015. On the fossil Remains of Panochthus Burmeister, 1866 (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Glyptodontidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, 15–27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140012">https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140012</a> Foley, R.A., Martin, L., Mirazón Lahr, M., Stringer, C., 2016. Major transitions in human evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, 20150229. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0229">https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0229</a> Gillespie, A.K., Archer, M., Hand, S.J., 2020. Lekaneleo, a new genus of marsupial lion (Marsupialia, Thylacoleonidae) from the Oligocene–Miocene of Australia, and the craniodental morphology of L. roskellyae, comb. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 0, e1703722. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1703722">https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1703722</a> Góis, F., González Ruiz, L.R., Scillato-Yané, G.J., Soibelzon, E., 2015. A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity. PLoS One 10. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128296">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128296</a> Harrison, T., 2013. Catarrhine Origins, in: A Companion to Paleoanthropology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 376–396. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118332344.ch20">https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118332344.ch20</a> Hunt, K.D., 2015. Chapter 9 - Early Hominins, in: Muehlenbein, M.P. (Ed.), Basics in Human Evolution. Academic Press, Boston, pp. 113–128. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802652-6.00009-8">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802652-6.00009-8</a> Heckeberg, N.S., Wörheide, G., 2019. A comprehensive approach towards the systematics of Cervidae (preprint). PeerJ Preprints. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27618v1">https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.27618v1</a> Janečka, J.E., Helgen, K.M., Lim, N.T.-L., Baba, M., Izawa, M., Boeadi, Murphy, W.J., 2008. Evidence for multiple species of Sunda colugo. Current Biology 18, R1001–R1002. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.005</a> Koufos, G.D., 2015. Potential Hominoid Ancestors for Hominidae, in: Henke, W., Tattersall, I. (Eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1761–1790. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_44">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39979-4_44</a> Kramarz, A., Bond, M., 2013. On the status of Isolophodon Roth, 1903 (Mammalia, Astrapotheria) and other little-known Paleogene astrapotheres from central Patagonia. Geobios 46, 203–211. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.015">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.015</a> Lacruz, R., Turner, A., Berger, L.R., 2006. New Dinofelis (Carnivora: Machairodontinae) remains from Sterkfontein Valley sites and a taxonomic revision of the genus in southern Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 43, 89–106. Li, Y., Spassov, N., 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) from the late Miocene of China and Bulgaria, and revision of Promegantereon Kretzoi, 1938 and Paramachaerodus Pilgrim, 1913. PalZ 91, 409–426. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-017-0371-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-017-0371-7</a> Madurell-Malapeira, J., Robles, J.M., Casanovas-Vilar, I., Abella, J., Obradó, P., Alba, D.M., 2014. The scimitar-toothed cat Machairodus aphanistus (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Vallès-Penedès Basin (NE Iberian Peninsula). Comptes Rendus Palevol 13, 569–585. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2014.05.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2014.05.001</a> Marx, F.G., 2011. The More the Merrier? A Large Cladistic Analysis of Mysticetes, and Comments on the Transition from Teeth to Baleen. J Mammal Evol 18, 77–100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-010-9148-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-010-9148-4</a> May-Collado, L.J., Kilpatrick, C.W., Agnarsson, I., 2015. Mammals from __down under__: a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria). PeerJ 3, e805. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.805">https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.805</a> McNulty, K.P., Begun, D.R., Kelley, J., Manthi, F.K., Mbua, E.N., 2015. A systematic revision of Proconsul with the description of a new genus of early Miocene hominoid. Journal of Human Evolution 84, 42–61. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.009</a> Mennecart, B., DeMiguel, D., Bibi, F., Rössner, G.E., Métais, G., Neenan, J.M., Wang, S., Schulz, G., Müller, B., Costeur, L., 2017. Bony labyrinth morphology clarifies the origin and evolution of deer. Sci Rep 7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-12848-9</a> Monadjem, A., Taylor, P.J., Denys, C., Cotterill, F.P.D., 2015. Rodents of Sub-Saharan Africa: A biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. Morales, J., Soria, D., Pickford, M., 1998. New carnivores from the basal Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5169/SEALS-168406">https://doi.org/10.5169/SEALS-168406</a> Nilsson, M.A., Churakov, G., Sommer, M., Tran, N.V., Zemann, A., Brosius, J., Schmitz, J., 2010. Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions. PLOS Biology 8, e1000436. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436</a> Nyakatura, K., Bininda-Emonds, O.R., 2012. Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates. BMC Biology 10, 12. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-10-12">https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-10-12</a> Paleobiology Database, PBDB, accessed at <a href="https://paleobiodb.org">https://paleobiodb.org </a> Perelman, P., Johnson, W.E., Roos, C., Seuánez, H.N., Horvath, J.E., Moreira, M.A.M., Kessing, B., Pontius, J., Roelke, M., Rumpler, Y., Schneider, M.P.C., Silva, A., O__Brien, S.J., Pecon-Slattery, J., 2011. A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates. PLOS Genetics 7, e1001342. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342</a> Pine, R.H., Timm, R.M., Weksler, M., 2012. A newly recognized clade of trans-Andean Oryzomyini (Rodentia: Cricetidae), with description of a new genus. Journal of Mammalogy 93, 851–870. Pozzi, L., Hodgson, J.A., Burrell, A.S., Sterner, K.N., Raaum, R.L., Disotell, T.R., 2014. Primate phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75, 165–183. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.023">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.023</a> Poulakakis, N., Stamatakis, A., 2010. Recapitulating the evolution of Afrotheria: 57 genes and rare genomic changes (RGCs) consolidate their history. Systematics and Biodiversity 8, 395–408. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2010.484436">https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2010.484436</a> Salesa, M.J., Antón, M., Turner, A., Alcalá, L., Montoya, P., Morales, J., 2010. Systematic revision of the Late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaerodus in Spain. Palaeontology 53, 1369–1391. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01013.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.01013.x</a> Salesa, M.J., Siliceo, G., Antón, M., Peigné, S., Morales, J., 2019. Functional and Systematic Implications of the Postcranial Anatomy of a Late Miocene Feline (Carnivora, Felidae) from Batallones-1 (Madrid, Spain). J Mammal Evol 26, 101–131. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9414-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-017-9414-9</a> Sánchez, I.M., Cantalapiedra, J.L., Ríos, M., Quiralte, V., Morales, J., 2015. Systematics and Evolution of the Miocene Three-Horned Palaeomerycid Ruminants (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla). PLOS ONE 10, e0143034. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143034">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143034</a> Spassov, N., Geraads, D., 2015. A New Felid from the Late Miocene of the Balkans and the Contents of the Genus Metailurus Zdansky, 1924 (Carnivora, Felidae). J Mammal Evol 22, 45–56. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-014-9266-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-014-9266-5</a> Spradling, T.A., Demastes, J.W., Hafner, D.J., Milbach, P.L., Cervantes, F.A., Hafner, M.S., 2016. Systematic revision of the pocket gopher genus Orthogeomys. JMAMMAL 97, 405–423. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv185">https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyv185</a> Springer, M.S., Meredith, R.W., Gatesy, J., Emerling, C.A., Park, J., Rabosky, D.L., Stadler, T., Steiner, C., Ryder, O.A., Janečka, J.E., Fisher, C.A., Murphy, W.J., 2012. Macroevolutionary Dynamics and Historical Biogeography of Primate Diversification Inferred from a Species Supermatrix. PLOS ONE 7, e49521. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049521">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049521</a> Steeman, M.E., 2007. Cladistic analysis and a revised classification of fossil and recent mysticetes. Zool J Linn Soc 150, 875–894. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00313.x</a> Suraprasit, K., Chaimanee, Y., Bocherens, H., Chavasseau, O., Jaeger, J.-J., 2014. Systematics and phylogeny of middle Miocene Cervidae (Mammalia) from Mae Moh Basin (Thailand) and a paleoenvironmental estimate using enamel isotopy of sympatric herbivore species. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34, 179–194. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.789038">https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.789038</a> Teta, P., Cañón, C., Patterson, B.D., Pardiñas, U.F.J., 2017. Phylogeny of the tribe Abrotrichini (Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae): integrating morphological and molecular evidence into a new classification. Cladistics 33, 153–182. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12164">https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12164</a> Thandar, A.S., Vinola, L.W.V., 2017. The current status of Neocnus Arredondo, 1961 (Mammalia: Edentata: Pilosa: Megalonichidae) and a replacement name for its junior homonym in the sea cucumber family Cucumariidae (Echinodermata :Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae). Zootaxa 4337, 288–290. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4337.2.7">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4337.2.7</a> Timm, R.M., Pine, R.H., Hanson, J.D., 2018. A new species of Tanyuromys Pine, Timm, and Weksler, 2012 (Cricetidae: Oryzomyini), with comments on relationships within the Oryzomyini. J Mammal 99, 608–623. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy042">https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy042</a> Titov, V.V., Shvyreva, A.K., 2016. Deer of the genus Megaloceros (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Ciscaucasia. Paleontol. J. 50, 87–95. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030116010111">https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030116010111</a> Valli, A.M.F., 2018. Late Pleistocene Deer in the Region of the National Park "Serra da Capivara" (Piauí, Brazil). Quaternary 1, 4. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/quat1010004">https://doi.org/10.3390/quat1010004</a> Van Der Geer, A.A.E., 2014. Systematic revision of the family Hoplitomerycidae Leinders, 1984 (Artiodactyla: Cervoidea), with the description of a new genus and four new species. Zootaxa 3847, 1. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3847.1.1</a> van der Made, J., 2018. The dwarfed "giant deer" Megaloceros matritensis n.sp. from the Middle Pleistocene of Madrid - A descendant of M. savini and contemporary to M. giganteus. Quaternary International. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.06.006</a> Villmoare, B., 2018. Early Homo and the role of the genus in paleoanthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 165, 72–89. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23387">https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23387</a> Voss, Robert S; Gutiérrez, Eliécer E; Solari, Sergio; Rossi, Rogerio V; Jansa, Sharon A. 2014. Phylogenetic relationships of mouse opossums (Didelphidae, Marmosa) with a revised subgeneric classification and notes on sympatric diversity. American Museum Novitates. 3817: 1–27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1206/3817.1">https://doi.org/10.1206/3817.1 </a> Voss, R.S., Hubbard, C., Jansa, S.A., 2013. Phylogenetic Relationships of New World Porcupines (Rodentia, Erethizontidae): Implications for Taxonomy, Morphological Evolution, and Biogeography. novi 2013, 1–36. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1206/3769.2">https://doi.org/10.1206/3769.2</a> Voss, R. S.; Jansa, S. A. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials, an extant radiation of New World metatherian mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 322:1–177. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1206/322.1">https://doi.org/10.1206/322.1 </a> Werdelin, L. 2011. "A new genus and species of Felidae (Mammalia) from Rusinga Island, Kenya, with notes on early Felidae of Africa". Estudios Geológicos. 67(2):217–222. Werdelin, L., Lewis, M.E., 2001. A revision of the genus Dinofelis (Mammalia, Felidae). Zool J Linn Soc 132, 147–258. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02465.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02465.x</a> Wilson, D.E., Reeder, D.M., 2011. Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 56. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.9">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.9</a>

EOL Tenebrionidae Patch (TEN): EOL Tenebrionidae Patch

Taxonomic hierarchy & species lists for Tenebrionidae compiled from multiple sources: Aloquio, S., Grossi, P.C., Lopes-Andrade, C., 2019. Esemephe peba sp. nov., the first Brazilian Esemephina (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Cossyphodini). Zootaxa 4648, 178–186. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4648.1.10">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4648.1.10 </a> Ando, K., Itioka, T. & Kishimoto-Yamada, K., 2017. Record of phototactic Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) from Lambir Hills, Borneo, with description of a new genus and twelve new species. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory Kyoto University, 30(3), pp.127-171. Atlas of Living Australia. Available from <a href="http://www.ala.org.au">http://www.ala.org.au</a>  Bouchard P, Bousquet Y, Davies A, Alonso-Zarazaga M, Lawrence J, Lyal C, Newton A, Reid C, Schmitt M, Slipinski A, Smith A. 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88: 1-972. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807">https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 </a> Bousquet Y. & Bouchard P. 2014. Review of the species of Paratenetus Spinola inhabiting America, north of Mexico (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). ZooKeys 415:23-51. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6524">https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.415.6524</a>  Bousquet Y, Thomas DB, Bouchard P, Smith AD, Aalbu RL, Johnston AM, Steiner WE Jr. 2018. Catalogue of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) of North America. ZooKeys 728: 1-455. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.728.20602">https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.728.20602</a>  Bremer, H., Lillig, M., 2014. World Catalogue of Amarygmini, Rhysopaussini and Falsocossyphini (Coleoptera; Tenebrionidae). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft 104 Supplementum, 3–176. Bremer, H.J. & Lillig, M. 2017. Remarks on the Genera of Hypophlaeini and the Subgenera of Corticeus Piller & Mitterpracher, 1783, with descriptions of new species of Corticeus of the Oriental Region (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae, Hypophlaeini). Entomologische Zeitschrift 127(2):67-75. Bremer, H.J. 1998. Revision der orientalischen Corticeus-Arten (Col., Tenebrionidae, Hypophloeini). I. Teil. Acta Coleopterologica 14: 3-32. Endrödy-Younga, S., 1996. Revision of the tribe Caenocrypticini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae:Tentyriinae), Transvaal Museum monograph. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Ferrer, J., and G. Moragues. 2000. Contribution à l´étude des Cnemeplatiini. Description d´une nouvelle Rondoniella Kaszab (1970) du Laos. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Nouvelle Revue d__Entomologie 17:99-105. Flores, G.E. & Chani-Posse, M. 2005. Patagonopraocis, a new genus of Praocini from Patagonia (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Annales zoologici (Warsaw) 55: 575–581. Flores, G.E. 2000. Systematics of the Andean Genera Falsopraocis Kulzer and Antofagapraocis New Genus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), with Descriptions of Two New Species. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 108, 52–75. Flores, G.E. 2001. Taxonomic Placement of the Andean Genera Praocidia Fairmaire and Pilobaloderes Kulzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Praocini). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 109:171–178. Flores, G.E., Giraldo, A.E., 2020. Taxonomic status of Parapraocis, a new genus of Praociini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae) from Peru. Rev. Soc. Entomol. Arg. 79, 34–40. <a href="https://doi.org/10.25085/rsea.790305">https://doi.org/10.25085/rsea.790305</a>  Flores, G.E., Vidal, P., 2009. Systematic position and cladistic analysis of Gyrasida Koch, a remarkable genus of Praocini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Chile. Zootaxa 1978, 48–62. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1978.1.2">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1978.1.2</a>  Grimm, R., 2015. New and little known species of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) from Borneo (5). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 8:215–225. Grimm, R., Schawaller, W., 2019. Checklist for the Darkling Beetles of Borneo (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae s.str.). sbna.2 2, 61–82. <a href="https://doi.org/10.18476/insy.v02.a5">https://doi.org/10.18476/insy.v02.a5</a>  Iwan, D., Kamiński, M.J. Toward a natural classification of opatrine darkling beetles: comparative study of female terminalia. Zoomorphology 135, 453–485 (2016). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-016-0328-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00435-016-0328-5</a>  Iwan, D., Löbl, I. (Eds.), 2020. Tenebrionoidea, Revised and Updated Second Edition. Catalog of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Brill. Kamiński MJ, Kanda K, Lumen R, Ulmer JM, Wirth CC, Bouchard P, Aalbu R, Mal N, Smith AD. 2019. A catalogue of the tribe Sepidiini Eschscholtz, 1829 (Tenebrionidae, Pimeliinae) of the world. ZooKeys 844: 1-121. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.844.34241">https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.844.34241</a>  Kamiński, M.J., 2016. Catalogue and Distribution of the Subtribe Eurynotina (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pedinini). annz 66, 227–266. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.2.006">https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2016.66.2.006</a>  Kamiński, M.J., Kanda, K., Raś, M. & Smith, A.D. 2018. Pythiopina, an enigmatic subtribe of darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pedinini): taxonomic revision, microtomography, ecological niche models and phylogenetic position. Syst Entomol. 43:147-165. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12255">https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12255</a>  Kamiński, M.J., Schoeman, C.S., 2018. Taxonomic revision of a darkling beetles genus Anaxius (Tenebrionidae: Pedinini: Helopinina). Zootaxa 4455, 471. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4455.3.4">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4455.3.4</a>  Kulzer, H. 1954. Achter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tenebrioniden (Col.). Sammelergebnis der Indien-Reise von Herrn Konsul G. Frey und neue Tenebrioniden aus dem orientalischen und australischen Faunengebiet. Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey Tutzing bei München 5:20-73. Kulzer, H., 1954. Neunter Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tenebrioniden (Col.). Eine Studie über die Tribus Nycteliini. Ent. Arb. Mus. Georg Frey 5, 145–267. Lea, A. M. 1919. Notes on Some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species, Part v. Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 43:166-261. Kulzer, H. 1958. Monographie der südamerikanischen Tribus Praocini (Col.) (16 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Tenebrioniden). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum George Frey, 9:1–105. Lawrence, J.F. & Ślipinśki, A., 2010. 11.13. Trachelostenidae Lacordaire, 1859, in: Kükenthal, W., Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., Lawrence, J.F. (Eds.), Coleoptera, Beetles, Volume 2, Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia Partim). DE GRUYTER, Berlin, New York. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.571">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110911213.571</a>  Liu S. & Ren G. 2016. Two new species and one newly recorded species of Uloma Dejean, 1821 from Zhejiang, China (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Ulomini). ZooKeys 607:103-118. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.607.7836">https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.607.7836</a>  Matthews E.G. & Lawrence J.F. 2015, Trachelostenini sensu novo: redescriptions of Trachelostenus Solier, Myrmecodema Gebien and Leaus Matthews & Lawrence, based on adults and larvae, and descriptions of three new species of Leaus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Zootaxa 4020(2):289-312. <a href="https://10.11646/zootaxa.4020.2.4">https://10.11646/zootaxa.4020.2.4</a>  Peña, L.E., 1974. Nuevas especies de Coleoptera del género Myrmecodema (Tenebrionidae). Revista Chilena de Entomología, 8, pp.17-21. Peña, L.E., 1980. Aporte al conocimiento de los tenebrionidos de America del Sur (Coleóptera: Tenebrionidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 10, 37–59. Penrith, M.-L., Endrödy-Younga, S., 1994. Revision of the subtribe Cryptochilina (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Cryptochilini). Transvaal Museum monograph No. 9. Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Philippi, R.A. & Philippi, A.H.E. 1860. Coleoptera nonnulla nova Chilensia praesertim Valdiviana. Entomologische Zeitung 21:245-252.  Rees, T. (compiler) (2021). The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera. Available from <a href="https://www.irmng.org">https://www.irmng.org</a> at VLIZ.  Schawaller, W. & Bremer, H.J. 2013: The termitophilous genus Asyleptus Péringuey, 1896 (Termitonebria Wasmann, 1925 syn. nov., Falsozialeus Pic, 1951 syn. nov.) and its tribal placement (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Amarygmini). Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History 3: 81-83. Schawaller, W. 1998: Borneolaena gen. n. riedeli sp. n. from Sarawak, the first species of Laenini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the Sunda Islands. Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde serie A (biologie), 575: 1–8. Schawaller, W., 2002. Malayoscelis gen. n., the third genus of the Pycnocerini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from the Oriental Region. Acta zool. hung. 48, 197–202. Schawaller, W., 2010. Check-list of the Tenebrionidae (sensu stricto) from Madagascar (Coleoptera). Stuttgarter Beitrage zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie 3, 277–289. Schawaller, W., 2013. Cossyphodini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae) in South Africa, Namibia and adjacent regions: New species and records, key to genera, and Old World species catalogue. Zootaxa 3721, 351. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3721.4.3">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3721.4.3</a>  Schawaller, W., Bouchard, P., 2019. New Taxa of Phrenapatinae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Southern Africa, with New Distributional Data and a Checklist of the Afrotropical Fauna. Annales Zoologici 69, 191. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2019.69.1.014">https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2019.69.1.014</a>  Silvestro, V.A., 2019. Revision of the Chilean Genus Diastoleus Solier (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), with a Preliminary Phylogenetic Analysis of the Tribe Scotobiini. annz 69, 113–131. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2019.69.1.007">https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2019.69.1.007</a>  Silvestro, V.A., Flores, G.E., 2012. Two new species of Emmallodera Blanchard, 1842 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from western Argentina. Zootaxa 3405, 64–68. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3405.1.3">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3405.1.3</a>  Silvestro, V.A., Mendoza, A.E.G., Flores, G.E., 2015. Pumiliofossorum : A new genus of Scotobiini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with two new species from Peru, and a revised key for the genera of the tribe. Zootaxa 3986, 461–471. <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3986.4.5">https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3986.4.5</a>  Spiessberger, E.L., Ivie, M.A., 2020. A New Genus and Fourteen New Species of Anopidiina (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Diaperinae: Gnathidiini) from the West Indies. The Coleopterists Bulletin 74. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-74.4.667">https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X-74.4.667</a>  Watt, J., & Triplehorn, C. 1991. A Review of the Genus Chaerodes (=Choerodes) White (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Phaleriinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin, 45(1):86-88. <a href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4008787">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4008787</a>  Watt, J.C. 1992. Relationships of Actizeta and Cnemeplatiini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Systematic Entomology 17:287-299. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00339.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1992.tb00339.x</a>  Watt, J.C., 1992. Tenebrionidae (Insecta: Coleoptera): catalogue of types and keys to taxa, Fauna of New Zealand. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand.

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk January 2021

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk 25 April 2017

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.Updated dynamic hierarchy trunk. Ready for second Smasher run. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk 12 June 2017

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.Minor tweaks to previous version. Added genera to Archaea subtree. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk Active Version

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.DH Trunk version that__s currently active on the EOL site. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk 15 March 2017

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.Dynamic hierarchy trunk to family except for Birds (sourced from IOC Birdlist), several marine taxa (sourced from WoRMS), certain insect groups (sourced from Species File projects), and earthworms (sourced from EOL Earthworms patch). The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

Identifiers with Images (EOL v2): identifiers_with_images.csv.gz

For questions or use cases calling for large, multi-use aggregate data files, please visit the EOL Services forum at http://discuss.eol.org/c/eol-services

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk 24 April 2017

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.Updated dynamic hierarchy trunk. Removed additional taxa that are covered by subtrees from WoRMS, Species File Projects, IOC Birdlist, and other providers. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk 26 April 2017

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.Gigaspermaceae added. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk 14 June 2017

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.More minor tweaks to fix homonym problems. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk 31 May 2017

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.Various improvements over previous version. Some genera added to anchor GBIF & WoRMS taxa in microbial eukaryotes and beetles. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk (trunk): Dynamic Hierarchy Trunk March 2019

This is the trunk for the EOL reference hierarchy. It determines the relationships among the higher taxa and adds a few taxa that are not covered by other resources. The EOL DH trunk is maintained in [TTT](http://ttt.biodinfo.org/) developed by Colin (Congtian Lin) and Jiangning Wang from Biodiversity Informatics Group of the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. ##References Adl, S. M., et al. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66, 4–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeu.12691 Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A., Yu, D.S.K., 2013. Order Hymenoptera . In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 51–62. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Aspöck, U., Haring, E., Aspöck, H., 2012. The phylogeny of the Neuropterida: long lasting and current controversies and challenges (Insecta: Endopterygota). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 70, 119–129. Benton, M., 2014. Vertebrate Palaeontology. John Wiley & Sons. Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G., Ortí, G., 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Bleidorn, Christoph. 2019. Recent Progress in Reconstructing Lophotrochozoan (Spiralian) Phylogeny." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-019-00412-4. Bouchard, P., Bousquet, Y., Davies, A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M., Lawrence, J., Lyal, C., Newton, A., Reid, C., Schmitt, M., Slipinski, A., Smith, A., 2011. Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta). ZooKeys 88, 1–972. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.88.807 Cannon, Johanna Taylor, Bruno Cossermelli Vellutini, Julian Smith, Fredrik Ronquist, Ulf Jondelius, and Andreas Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha Is the Sister Group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530(7588):89–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16520. Davis, R.B., Baldauf, S.L., Mayhew, P.J., 2010. The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10, 109. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-109 Dunlop, J. A., Penney, D. & Jekel, D. 2015. A summary list of fossil spiders and their relatives. In World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch Dunn, C.W., Giribet, G., Edgecombe, G.D., Hejnol, A., 2014. Animal Phylogeny and Its Evolutionary Implications. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 45, 371–395. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091627 Foottit, R. G., Adler, P. H., eds. 2017. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1 & 2. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Fritz, U., Havaš, P., 2013. Order Testudines: 2013 update. In : Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa 3703, 12–14. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.4 Giribet, Gonzalo. 2016. New Animal Phylogeny: Future Challenges for Animal Phylogeny in the Age of Phylogenomics. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 16 (2):419–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0236-4. Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. 2020. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton, United States: Princeton University Press, 2020. Guy, L., Ettema, T.J.G., 2011. The archaeal __TACK__ superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes. Trends in Microbiology 19, 580–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002 Hinchliff, C.E., Smith, S.A., Allman, J.F., Burleigh, J.G., Chaudhary, R., Coghill, L.M., Crandall, K.A., Deng, J., Drew, B.T., Gazis, R., Gude, K., Hibbett, D.S., Katz, L.A., Laughinghouse, H.D., McTavish, E.J., Midford, P.E., Owen, C.L., Ree, R.H., Rees, J.A., Soltis, D.E., Williams, T., Cranston, K.A., 2015. Synthesis of phylogeny and taxonomy into a comprehensive tree of life. PNAS 112, 12764–12769. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423041112 Holzenthal, R.W., Morse, J.C., Kjer, K.M., 2011. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 209. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.40 Hormiga, G., Griswold, C.E., 2014. Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 59, 487–512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046 James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida:Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics 26, 213. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11012 Jarvis, E.D., Mirarab, S., Aberer, A.J., Li, B., Houde, P., Li, C., Ho, S.Y.W., Faircloth, B.C., Nabholz, B., Howard, J.T., Suh, A., Weber, C.C., Fonseca, R.R. da, Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, H., Zhou, L., Narula, N., Liu, L., Ganapathy, G., Boussau, B., Bayzid, M.S., Zavidovych, V., Subramanian, S., Gabaldón, T., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Huerta-Cepas, J., Rekepalli, B., Munch, K., Schierup, M., Lindow, B., Warren, W.C., Ray, D., Green, R.E., Bruford, M.W., Zhan, X., Dixon, A., Li, S., Li, N., Huang, Y., Derryberry, E.P., Bertelsen, M.F., Sheldon, F.H., Brumfield, R.T., Mello, C.V., Lovell, P.V., Wirthlin, M., Schneider, M.P.C., Prosdocimi, F., Samaniego, J.A., Velazquez, A.M.V., Alfaro-Núñez, A., Campos, P.F., Petersen, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Pas, A., Bailey, T., Scofield, P., Bunce, M., Lambert, D.M., Zhou, Q., Perelman, P., Driskell, A.C., Shapiro, B., Xiong, Z., Zeng, Y., Liu, S., Li, Z., Liu, B., Wu, K., Xiao, J., Yinqi, X., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Wang, J., Smeds, L., Rheindt, F.E., Braun, M., Fjeldsa, J., Orlando, L., Barker, F.K., Jønsson, K.A., Johnson, W., Koepfli, K.-P., O__Brien, S., Haussler, D., Ryder, O.A., Rahbek, C., Willerslev, E., Graves, G.R., Glenn, T.C., McCormack, J., Burt, D., Ellegren, H., Alström, P., Edwards, S.V., Stamatakis, A., Mindell, D.P., Cracraft, J., Braun, E.L., Warnow, T., Jun, W., Gilbert, M.T.P., Zhang, G., 2014. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science 346, 1320–1331. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253451 Kathirithamby, J., Engel, M.S., 2014. A Revised Key to the Living and Fossil Families of Strepsiptera, with the Description of a New Family, Cretostylopidae. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87, 385–388. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES140407.1 Kjer, K.M., Simon, C., Yavorskaya, M., Beutel, R.G., 2016. Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, 20160363. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 Klopfstein, S., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Sharkey, M., Ronquist, F., 2013. The Hymenopteran Tree of Life: Evidence from Protein-Coding Genes and Objectively Aligned Ribosomal Data. PLoS ONE 8, e69344. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069344 Kocot, Kevin M., Torsten H. Struck, Julia Merkel, Damien S. Waits, Christiane Todt, Pamela M. Brannock, David A. Weese, et al. 2016. Phylogenomics of Lophotrochozoa with Consideration of Systematic Error. Systematic Biology, syw079. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw079. Laumer, Christopher E., Rosa Fernández, Sarah Lemer, David Combosch, Kevin M. Kocot, Ana Riesgo, Sónia C. S. Andrade, Wolfgang Sterrer, Martin V. Sørensen, and Gonzalo Giribet. 2019. Revisiting Metazoan Phylogeny with Genomic Sampling of All Phyla. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286 (1906): 20190831. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0831. Laumer, Christopher E., Nicolas Bekkouche, Alexandra Kerbl, Freya Goetz, Ricardo C. Neves, Martin V. Sørensen, Reinhardt M. Kristensen, et al. 2015. Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages. Current Biology 25(15): 2000–2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. Leschen, R.A.B., Beutel, R.G., 2014. Morphology and Systematics: Phytophaga. Walter de Gruyter. Li, H., Shao, R., Song, N., Song, F., Jiang, P., Li, Z., Cai, W., 2015. Higher-level phylogeny of paraneopteran insects inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences. Scientific Reports 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08527 Lozano-Fernandez, J., Tanner, A.R., Giacomelli, M., Carton, R., Vinther, J., Edgecombe, G.D., Pisani, D., 2019. Increasing species sampling in chelicerate genomic-scale datasets provides support for monophyly of Acari and Arachnida. Nature Communications 10, 2295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10244-7 Malm, T., Nyman, T., 2015. Phylogeny of the symphytan grade of Hymenoptera: new pieces into the old jigsaw(fly) puzzle. Cladistics 31, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12069 Marlétaz, Ferdinand, Katja T. C. A. Peijnenburg, Taichiro Goto, Noriyuki Satoh, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. 2019. A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans. Current Biology 29(2):312-318.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042. Nakano, T., Ramlah, Z., Hikida, T., 2012. Phylogenetic position of gastrostomobdellid leeches (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Erpobdelliformes) and a new family for the genus Orobdella. Zoologica Scripta 41, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00506.x Naylor, G.J.P., Caira, J.N., Jensen, K.R.E., Rosana, K.M., Straube, N., Lakner, C., 2012. Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species. In J.C. Carrier, J.A. Musick and M.R. Heithaus (editors), The Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives. 31-56. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. Nesbitt, S.J., 2011. The Early Evolution of Archosaurs: Relationships and the Origin of Major Clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2011(352):1-292. https://doi.org/10.1206/352.1 Nesnidal, Maximilian P., Martin Helmkampf, Achim Meyer, Alexander Witek, Iris Bruchhaus, Ingo Ebersberger, Thomas Hankeln, Bernhard Lieb, Torsten H. Struck, and Bernhard Hausdorf. 2013. New Phylogenomic Data Support the Monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid Clade and Indicate That Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa Are Caused by Systematic Bias. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13(1): 253. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. Oaks, J.R., 2011. A Time-Calibrated Species Tree of Crocodylia Reveals a Recent Radiation of the True Crocodiles. Evolution 65, 3285–3297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Reft, A.J., 2015. Cnidarian Origins of the Myxozoa, in: Okamura, B., Gruhl, A., Bartholomew, J.L. (Eds.), Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14753-6_3 Pyron, R.A., Burbrink, F.T., Wiens, J.J., 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93 Robertson, J.A., Ślipiński, A., Moulton, M., Shockley, F.W., Giorgi, A., Lord, N.P., Mckenna, D.D., Tomaszewska, W., Forrester, J., Miller, K.B., Whiting, M.F., Mchugh, J.V., 2015. Phylogeny and classification of Cucujoidea and the recognition of a new superfamily Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia): Systematics of Cucujoidea and Coccinelloidea. Systematic Entomology 40, 745–778. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12138 Rouse, Greg W., Nerida G. Wilson, Jose I. Carvajal, and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. 2016. New Deep-Sea Species of Xenoturbella and the Position of Xenacoelomorpha. Nature 530(7588):94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16545. Ruhfel, B.R., Gitzendanner, M.A., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Burleigh, J.G., 2014. From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-14-23 Schiffer, Philipp H., Helen E. Robertson, and Maximilian J. Telford. 2018. Orthonectids Are Highly Degenerate Annelid Worms. Current Biology 28(12):1970-1974.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.088. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385 Van Nieukerken, E.J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I.J., Kristensen, N.P., Lees, D.C., Minet, J., Mitter, C., Mutanen, M., Regier, J.C., Simonsen, T.J., Wahlberg, N., Yen, S.-H., Zahiri, R., Adamski, D., Baixeras, J., Bartsch, D., Bengtsson, B.Å., Brown, J.W., Bucheli, S.R., Davis, D.R., Prins, J.D., Prins, W.D., Epstein, M.E., Gentili-Poole, P., Gielis, C., Hättenschwiler, P., Hausmann, A., Holloway, J.D., Kallies, A., Karsholt, O., Kawahara, A.Y., Koster, S.J.C., Kozlov, M.V., Lafontaine, J.D., Lamas, G., Landry, J.-F., Lee, S., Nuss, M., Park, K.-T., Penz, C., Rota, J., Schintlmeister, A., Schmidt, B.C., Sohn, J.-C., Solis, M.A., Tarmann, G.M., Warren, A.D., Weller, S., Yakovlev, R.V., Zolotuhin, V.V., Zwick, A., 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148, 212. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.41 Vea, I.M., Grimaldi, D.A., 2015. Diverse New Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Amber from the Cretaceous and Eocene with a Phylogenetic Framework for Fossil Coccoidea. novi 2015, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1206/3823.1 Vélez-Zuazo, X., Agnarsson, I., 2011. Shark tales: A molecular species-level phylogeny of sharks (Selachimorpha, Chondrichthyes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.018 Weigert, A., Bleidorn, C., 2016. Current status of annelid phylogeny. Org Divers Evol 16, 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0265-7 Weirauch, C., Schuh, R.T., 2011. Systematics and Evolution of Heteroptera: 25 Years of Progress. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 56, 487–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144833 Wiegmann, B.M., Trautwein, M.D., Winkler, I.S., Barr, N.B., Kim, J.-W., Lambkin, C., Bertone, M.A., Cassel, B.K., Bayless, K.M., Heimberg, A.M., Wheeler, B.M., Peterson, K.J., Pape, T., Sinclair, B.J., Skevington, J.H., Blagoderov, V., Caravas, J., Kutty, S.N., Schmidt-Ott, U., Kampmeier, G.E., Thompson, F.C., Grimaldi, D.A., Beckenbach, A.T., Courtney, G.W., Friedrich, M., Meier, R., Yeates, D.K., 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 5690–5695. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1012675108 Winterton, S.L., Hardy, N.B., Wiegmann, B.M., 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35, 349–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00521.x Yuri, T., Kimball, R.T., Harshman, J., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Han, K.-L., Hackett, S.J., Huddleston, C.J., Moore, W.S., Reddy, S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., Braun, E.L., 2013. Parsimony and Model-Based Analyses of Indels in Avian Nuclear Genes Reveal Congruent and Incongruent Phylogenetic Signals. Biology 2, 419–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology2010419 Zverkov, Oleg A., Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergey V. Isaev, Leonid Y. Rusin, Olga V. Popova, Maria D. Logacheva, Alexey A. Penin, et al. 2019. Dicyemida and Orthonectida: Two Stories of Body Plan Simplification. Frontiers in Genetics 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00443.Trunk designed to work with DH 1.1 based on Catalogue of Life, NCBI, WoRMS, and other branch contributors. The Encyclopedia of Life (EOL, eol.org) aggregates biodiversity information from more than 400 sources and provides access to the data through taxon pages, visual query and application programming interfaces. Scientific names are essential elements of the data integration infrastructure, but their shortcomings as key identifiers are well documented (Patterson et al., 2016). Complex automated workflows and continuous manual curation are required to address idiosyncrasies of source taxonomies, variation in data quality, and conflicting taxonomic opinions. To achieve a harmonized taxonomic view of EOL content, names from data sources are mapped to a dynamic reference hierarchy ([see current version here](https://opendata.eol.org/dataset/tram-807-808-809-810-dh-v1-1/resource/00adb47b-57ed-4f6b-8f66-83bfdb5120e8)) using an algorithm that leverages canonical name strings, hierarchical information (ancestry, descendants), taxonomic ranks, synonym data, and author strings. Names that cannot be associated with a reference taxon are still accessible, but their unmapped status excludes them and any associated content from certain core EOL functions. For more information about the EOL taxonomy, see [EOL Dynamic Hierarchy](https://eol.org/docs/eol-dynamic-hierarchy)

EOL Earthworms Patch (EET) - obsolete

Superseded by <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13283222">EOL Annelida Patch</a> Taxonomic hierarchies & species lists for Crassiclitellata, Haplotaxidae, Moniligastridae, Syngenodrilidae, Tiguassuidae to complement Catalogue of Life coverage. Compiled from multiple sources: Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., Tongkerd, P., Sutcharit, C., James, S.W., Panha, S., 2011. New earthworm species of the genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867 from Thailand (Clitellata, Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). Zookeys, 90: 35-62. Bantaowong, U., Chanabun, R., James, S.W., Panha, S., 2016. Seven new species of the earthworm genus Metaphire Sims and Easton, 1972 from Thailand (Clitellata: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa, 4117(1): 063-084. Blakemore, R.J., 2007. Checklist and phylogeny of Exxidae (Oligochaeta). European Journal of Soil Biology, 43: S9-S13. Blakemore, R.J., 2008. A Series of Searchable Texts on Earthworm Biodiversity, Ecology and Systematics from Various Regions of the World – 3rd Edition (2008) December, 2008, <a href="http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://www.annelida.net/earthworm/</a> Blakemore, R.J., 2011. Further records of non-cryptic New Zealand earthworms. ZooKeys, 160: 23-46. Blakemore, R.J., 2013. Earthworms newly from Mongolia (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae, Eisenia). ZooKeys, 285: 1–21. Blakemore, R.J., Chang, C.H., Chuang, S.C., Ito, M.T., James, S.W., 2006. Biodiversity of Earthworms in Taiwan: a Species Checklist with the Confirmation and New Records of the Exotic Lumbricids Eisenia fetida and Eiseniella tetraedra. Taiwania, 51 (3): 226-236. Blakemore, R.J., Park, T.S., Seo, H.Y., 2012. A new Korean earthworm (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Megascolecidae). Zootaxa, 3368: 256-262. Buckley, T.R., James, S., Allwood, J., Bartlam, S., Howitt, R., Prada, D., 2011. Phylogenetic analysis of New Zealand earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) reveals ancient clades and cryptic taxonomic diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 58: 85-96. Celis, L.V., Rangel-Ch, O., 2015. Two new earthworm species (Oligochaeta: Annelida) of the Caribbean region of Colombia. Zootaxa, 3974(1): 106–114. Cervantes, G., Fragoso, C., De Los Monteros, A.E., Sanchez-Ramos, G., Lara-Villalon, M., Yanez-Pacheco, M.J., Lazaro-Castellanos, J.O., James, S.W., 2016. New species of the earthworm genus Zapatadrilus (Clitellata, Acanthodrilidae) from northern Mexico. Zootaxa, 4189(2). Chanabun, R., Sutcharit, C., Tongkerd, P., Shau-Hwai, A.T., Panha, S., 2012. Three new species of semi-aquatic freshwater earthworms of the genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 from Malaysia (Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Almidae). Zootaxa, 3458: 120-132. Chanabun, R., Sutcharit, C., Tongkerd, P., Panha, S., 2013. The semi-aquatic freshwater earthworms of the genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 from Thailand (Oligochaeta, Almidae) with re-descriptions of several species. Zookeys, 265: 1-76. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.265.3911 Chanabun, R., Inkavilay, K., Panha, S., 2017. New species of semi-aquatic freshwater earthworm genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 from Thailand and Laos (Oligochaeta, Almidae). ZooKeys, 672: 1-34 (03 May 2017), DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.672.10212 Chang, C.H., Chuang, S.C., Wu, J.H., Chen, J.H., 2014. New species of earthworms belonging to the Metaphire formosae species group (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) in Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3774(4). Christoffersen, M.L., 2008. Species catalogue and phylogenetic relations of criodriloids and basal glossoscolecoids (Annelida Clitellata Lumbricina) from South America. Tropical Zoology, 21: 209-226. Christoffersen, M.L., 2009. Species diversity and distributions of microdrile earthworms (Annelida, Clitellata, Enchytraeidae) from South America. Zootaxa, 2065: 51-68. Csuzdi, Cs., 2012. Earthworm species, a searchable database. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 43: 97–99. <a href="http://earthworm.uw.hu/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://earthworm.uw.hu/</a> Csuzdi, Cs., Tondoh, J.E, 2007. New and little-known earthworm species from the Ivory Coast (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae: Benhamiinae and Eudrilidae). Journal of Natural History, 41(41–44): 2551–2567. Csuzdi, Cs., Mischis, C.C., 2009. Earthworms from Argentinean Patagonia with description of two remarkable new species (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae). Journal of Natural History, 44(1-2): 31-40. Csuzdi, Cs., Pavlíček, T, 2011. A new earthworm genus Nouraguesia gen. nov. from French Guiana with description of two new species (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae). Journal of Natural History, 45: 27, 1759-1767. Csuzdi, Cs., Zicsi A., Mısırlıoğlu, M., 2006. An annotated checklist of the earthworm fauna of Turkey (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 1175: 1–29. Csuzdi, Cs., Guei, M.A., Tondoh, J.E., 2009. New and little known earthworm species from the Mt. Nimba, Guinea (Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae: Benhamiinae). Zootaxa, 2141: 56-68. Csuzdi, Cs., Pop, V.V., Pop, A.A., 2011. The earthworm fauna of the Carpathian Basin with new records and description of three new species (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 250(1): 2-18. Csuzdi, Cs., Razafindrakoto, M., Blanchart, E., 2012. New and Little Known Giant Earthworms from Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). African Invertebrates, 52(2): 285-294. Csuzdi, Cs., Razafindrakoto, M., Blanchart, E., 2012. New and little known earthworm species from Central Madagascar (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). Zootaxa, 3578: 36-42. Csuzdi, Cs., Sherlock, E., Talla Kouete, M., Doherty-Bone, T.M., 2015. Four new earthworm species from the highlands of Cameroon with description of a new genus Okudrilus gen. n. (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae & Acanthodrilidae). African Invertebrates, 56(1): 25–38. Csuzdi, Cs., Pearlson, O., Pavlíček, T, 2017. New Acanthodrilus species from New Caledonia (Clitellata, Megadrili, Acanthodrilidae). Journal of Natural History, 51: 1-14, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1355500 Csuzdi, Cs., Chang, C.-H., Pavlíček, T., Szederjesi, T., Esopi, D., Szlavecz, K., 2017. Molecular phylogeny and systematics of native North American lumbricid earthworms (Clitellata: Megadrili). PLoS ONE, 12(8): e0181504. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181504 Csuzdi, Cs., Razafindrakoto, M., Hong, Y., 2017. Three new species of Kynotus from the Central Highlands of Madagascar (Clitellata, Megadrili). European Journal of Taxonomy, 336: 1-14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.336 Csuzdi, Cs., James, S.W., Lapied, E. 2018. DriloBASE. World Earthworm Database. <a href="http://taxo.drilobase.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://taxo.drilobase.org</a> Domínguez, J., Aira, M., Breinholt, J.W., Stojanovic, M., James, S.W., Pérez-Losada, M., 2015. Underground evolution: New roots for the old tree of lumbricid earthworms. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 83: 7–19. Domínguez, J., Aira, M., Porto, P.G., Díaz Cosín, D.J., Pérez-Losada, M., 2017. Multigene phylogeny reveals two new isolated and relic earthworm genera (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 182: 258–274. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx031 Dos Santos, B.T.S., Bartz, M.L.C., Hernandez-Garcia, L.M., Rousseau, G.X., Martins, M.B., James, S.W., 2017. New earthworm species of Righiodrilus (Clitellata, Glossoscolecidae) from eastern Amazonia. Zootaxa, 4242(2). DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4242.2.11 Feijoo, M.A., Brown, G.G., James, S.W., 2017. New species of Andiorrhinus Cognetti, 1908 (Oligochaeta: Rhinodrilidae) from Venezuela and Brazil. Zootaxa, 4363(1): 55. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.1.2 Fragoso, C., Rojas, P., 2016. Lavellodrilus notosetosus sp. nov. (Annelida, Crassiclitellata, Acanthodrilidae): a new Mexican earthworm with uncommon characters, revealed by a preliminary revision of subfamily Acanthodrilinae. Zootaxa, 4154(2): 1. Hackenberger, D.K., Hackenberger, B.K., 2013. Checklist of the earthworm fauna of Croatia (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 3710(1): 001–030. Hendrix, P.F., 1995. Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America. CRC Press. James, S.W., 2009. Revision of the earthworm genus Archipheretima Michaelsen (Clitellata: Megascolecidae), with descriptions of new species from Luzon and Catanduanes Islands, Philippines. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 9(3): 244.e1-244.e16. James, S.W., 2012. Re-erection of Rhinodrilidae Benham, 1890, a senior synonym of Pontoscolecidae James, 2012 (Annelida: Clitellata). Zootaxa, 3540: 67-68. James, S.W., Davidson, S.K., 2012. Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida: Crassiclitellata) based on 28S, 18S and 16S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics, 26(2): 213-229. James, S.W., Gamiette, F., 2016. New species of Dichogaster Beddard, 1888 (Clitellata: Benhamiidae) with additional records of earthworms from Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Zootaxa, 4178(3), DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.5 Jirapatrasilp, P., Prasankok, P., Sutcharit, C., Chanabun, R., Panha, S., 2016. Two new Cambodian semi-aquatic earthworms in the genus Glyphidrilus Horst, 1889 (Oligochaeta, Almidae), based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 4189(3): 543-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4189.3.5 Lehmitz, R., Römbke, J., Jänsch, S., Krück, S., Beylich, A., Graefe, U., 2014. Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Germany. Zootaxa, 3866: 221-245. Marchán, D.F., Fernández, R., de Sosa, I., Sánchez, N., Díaz Cosín, D.J., Novo, M., 2018. Integrative systematic revision of a Mediterranean earthworm family: Hormogastridae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Invertebrate Systematics, 32(3):652-671. DOI: 10.1071/IS17048 Moreno, A.G., Borges, S., eds. 2004. Advances in Earthworm Taxonomy (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Editorial Complutense, Madrid. Narayanan, S.P., Sathrumithra, S., Christopher, G., Julka, J.M., 2017. New species and new records of earthworms of the genus Drawida from Kerala part of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India (Oligochaeta, Moniligastridae). ZooKeys, 691: 1-18, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.691.13174 Nxele, T.C., 2012. The megadrile fauna (Annelida: Oligochaeta) of Queen Elizabeth Park, South Africa: species composition and distribution within different vegetation types. African Invertebrates, 53(2): 543–558. Plisko, J.D., 2013. A new family Tritogeniidae for the genera Tritogenia and Michalakus, earlier accredited to the composite Microchaetidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta). African Invertebrates, 54(1): 69-92. Pop, V.V., Pop, A.A., Csuzdi, Cs., 2014. An annotated checklist of the Romanian earthworm fauna. Zoology in the Middle East, 58(4): 59-70, DOI: 10.1080/09397140.2012.10648985 Razafindrakoto et al., 2017 — Razafindrakoto, M., Csuzdi, Cs., James, S., Blanchart, E., 2017. New earthworms from Madagascar with key to the Kynotus species (Oligochaeta: Kynotidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 268: 126-135. Reynolds, J.W., Wetzel, M.J., 2008. Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. Megadrilogica, 12(12): 157-208. Reynolds, J.W., Wetzel, M.J., 2012. Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. III. Megadrilogica, 15(8): 191-211. Reynolds, J.W., Wetzel, M.J. 2018. Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica. A Catalogue of Names, Descriptions and Type Specimens of the Oligochaeta. Second Edition. <a href="http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/people/mjwetzel/nomenoligo" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/people/mjwetzel/nomenoligo</a> Schmelz, R.M., ed. 2012. Global diversity of earthworms and other Oligochaeta (Annelida): collected papers. Zootaxa 3458 103–119. Szederjesi, T., Vavoulidou, E., Chalkia, C., Danyi, L., Csuzdi, Cs., 2017. An annotated checklist of earthworms of Greece (Clitellata: Megadrili). Zootaxa, 4272(1): 57-82. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4272.1.3 Trakić, T., Valchovski, H., Stojanović, M., 2016. Endemic earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of the Balkan Peninsula: a review. Zootaxa, 4189(2): 251-274.

EOL v3 data model Ontologies: occurrence_extension.xml

EOL v3 data model Ontologies: measurement_extension.xml