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FIGURE 7 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 7. Palaeoart depiction of †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. swimming in the twilight of the Posidonia Shale Sea. The post-cranium is based on †'Coccolepis' liassica and †Coccolepis bucklandi. Artwork by S. Cooper.

FIGURE 6 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 6. Cranial reconstruction of †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. with missing regions based on reconstruction of 'Coccolepis' liassica in Gardiner (1960). Missing or speculative areas are indicated with a dashed line and coloured in grey. Abbreviations: ag = angular; an = antorbital; br = branchiostegal rays; cl = cleithrum; d = dentary; dpt = dermopterotic; dsph = dermosphenotic; esc = extrascapular; g = gular plate; hyo = hyomandibula; io.c = infraorbital sensory canal; j = jugal; msc = mandibular sensory canal; mx = maxilla; na = nasal; nar = external naris; op = opercle; poc = postorbital canal; pop = preopercle; ro = rostral; scl = supracleithrum; scr = sclerotic ring; sop = subopercle.

FIGURE 3. SMNS 52044 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 3. SMNS 52044, †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. (paratype), skull and post-cranial elements preserved in ventro-lateral (left) view as a regurgitalite. (A), overview of specimen – skull exposed in left ventrolateral view. Much of the orbital region has been infilled with resin. (B), interpretive line drawing. Abbreviations: an = antorbital; ag = angular; cbl? = ceratobranchial?; chy = ceratohyal; cl = cleithrum; d = dentary; dpt = dermopterotic; esc = extrascapular; fr = frontals; g = gular plate; ha/nur = haemal/ neural arches and spines; hbl? = hypobranchials?; hyo = hyomandibula; ptr? = pterygiophores; m.sc = mandibular sensory canal; mpt = metapterygoid; mx = maxilla; na? = nasal?; op = opercle; pop = preopercle; scu? = preanal scute?; scr = sclerotic ring plate; sop = subopercle; t = teeth. Scale bar is equal to 20 mm.

FIGURE 4 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 4. †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov., details of jaws, palatoquadrate, and teeth. (A) maxillary teeth in SMNS 52044 – notice the smooth texture of the bone externa. Please note that some of the smaller damaged teeth on the maxilla are highlighted. (B) close-up of left palate, upper and lower jaws of SMNS 59978. (C), line drawing with surrounding matrix highlighted with false colour. Abbreviations: ag = angular; chy = ceratohyal; d = dentary; ecpt = ectopterygoid; enpt = endopterygoid; dpal = dermopalatine; hhy = hypohyal; mpt = metapterygoid; mx = maxilla; pmx = premaxilla; pmx.t = toothed region of premaxilla; scr = sclerotic ring; t = tooth crowns. Scale bars equal 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 1. Locality map and stratigraphy of the Posidonienschiefer Formation at Holzmaden, showing the distribution of coccolepidids in the formation. (A) Simplified map of Germany showing the location of Stuttgart. (B) State map of Baden-Württemberg showing regional exposure of the Posidonienschiefer Formation with the Holzmaden area indicated with a star. (C) Map of the Holzmaden area with a star indicating the collection locality. (D) Stratigraphic log of the Posidonienschiefer Formation at Holzmaden showing the collection horizon for the new coccolepidid fish. Modified from Cooper et al. (2022).

FIGURE 2. SMNS 59978 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 2. SMNS 59978, †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov. (holotype), preserved in left internal view. (A), imperfect skull exposed in internal view. (B), line drawing of specimen. Abbreviations: br = branchiostegal rays; chy = ceratohyal; cl? = cleithrum?; d = dentary; dpal = dermopalatine; dpt = dermopterotic; dsph = dermosphenotic; enpt = endopterygoid; esc = extrascalpular; hhy = hypohyal; hyo = hyomandibula; io.c = infraorbital sensory canal; j = jugal; mx = maxilla; op = opercle; p = parietal; pmx = premaxilla; pop = preopercle; scl = supracleithrum; sc.l = lateral line scales; sop = subopercle. Scale bar equals 10 mm.

FIGURE 5 in First occurrence of a †coccolepidid fish (?Chondrostei: †Coccolepididae) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Early Jurassic) of southern Germany

FIGURE 5. †Toarcocephalus morlok gen. et sp. nov., details of the pectoral girdle and lateral line. Holotype specimen SMNS 59978, photograph (A) and line drawing (B). Abbreviations: hyo = hyomandibula; lsc = lateral line sensory canal; mx = maxilla; op = opercle; pop = preopercle; ppscl = dorsal process of the supracleithrum; pu = punctations; sc.l = lateral line scales; scl = supracleithrum (.r = right;.l = left); sop = subopercle. Scale bar equals 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 3. Measurements for analysing the ventral breakage of ammonoid shells. Lines A, B, and C are the reference lines: A, from the coiling centre to aperture; B, apertural marginal line of damage; C, adapical marginal line of damage. Shaded area indicates body chamber. The length and depth of the breakage were also measured.

Fig. 6 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 6. Position of ventral breakage in the shells of seven early Toarcian ammonoid genera. Specimens whose position of the aperture is uncertain are excluded. Arrows indicate the average of the estimated position of last septum. The living orientation of the shells is based on Westermann 1996). A. Dactylioceras. B. Fontanelliceras. C. Fuciniceras. D. Protogrammoceras. E. Paltarpites. F. Harpoceras. G. Cleviceras.

Fig. 5 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 5. Example of ventral breakage in the early Toarcian ammonoid from the Toyora area, preserved in the cast (A) and mould (B) of Protogrammoceras onoi Hirano, 1971, UMUT MM 31437, loc. 18 (for detailed locality information see Fig. 2). The white brackets indicate the position and extent of the breakage. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 9. Frequency of occurrence of lethal ventral damage on ammonoid shells. Error bars represent 95% binomial confidence intervals. A. Lower Taxon Frequency for the specimens of 7 genera from the Toyora area (see also Table 1). B. Assemblage Frequency for the selected Mesozoic ammonoid samples from different ages and/or regions. * The number is based on near-complete shells.

Fig. 4 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 4. Examples of early Toarcian ammonoids with ventral breakage, from the Toyora area, Japan (for detailed locality information see Fig. 2). A. Cleviceras chrysanthemum (Yokoyama, 1904), UMUT MM 31431, loc. 8. B. Cleviceras sp., UMUT MM 31432, loc. 5. C. Dactylioceras helianthoides Yokoyama, 1904), UMUT MM 31433, loc. 10. D. Fontanelliceras fontanellense (Gemmellaro, 1885), UMUT MM 31434, loc. 10. E. Fuciniceras nakayamense (Matsumoto, 1947), UMUT MM 31435, loc. 3. F. Protogrammoceras onoi Hirano, 1971, UMUT MM 31436, loc. 10. The white brackets indicate the position and extent of the breakage. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 8 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 8. Double logarithmic plots of breakage length and depth versus shell diameter. Regression lines with reduced major axis method. All seven genera were included.

Fig. 1. Early Jurassic map illustrating the previously studied areas for ventrally damaged ammonoids. 1 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 1. Early Jurassic map illustrating the previously studied areas for ventrally damaged ammonoids. 1, Dotternhausen, Germany (Taverne 2000; Klompmaker et al. 2009); 2, Lyme Regis, England (Andrew et al. 2010). The Toyora area was located in the northwestern part of the Panthalassa. Palaeogeographical map after Scotese (2001).

Fig. 7 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 7. Size distribution of ventrally intact and damaged early Toarcian ammonoid specimens from the Toyora area. Percentage represents the breakage frequency in each size class.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2004View details →

Fig. 3 in Diversity dynamics of Early-Middle Jurassic brachiopods of Caucasus, and the Pliensbachian-Toarcian mass extinction

Fig. 3. Total species diversity changes, origination and extinction rates of NW Caucasus brachiopods in Early–Middle Jurassic.

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Data from: Upper Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) marine gastropods from the Cleveland Basin, England: systematics, palaeobiogeography and contribution to biotic recovery from the early Toarcian extinction event

Here we describe a new late Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) marine gastropod fauna from rocks of the Cleveland Basin exposed on the North Yorkshire coast of England. The fossil assemblage comprises sixteen species, of which three are new: Katosira? bicarinata sp. nov., Turritelloidea stepheni sp. nov. and Striactaenonina elegans sp. nov. Four species are described in open nomenclature as Tricarilda? sp., Jurilda sp., Cylindrobullina sp. and Cossmannina sp. The other species have previously been described: Coelodiscus minutus (Schübler in Zieten), Procerithium quadrilineatum (Römer), Pseudokatosira undulata (Benz in von Zieten), Palaeorissoina aff. acuminata (Gründel, 1999b), Pietteia unicarinata (Hudleston), Globularia cf. canina (Hudleston), Striactaeonina cf. richterorum Schulbert & Nützel, Striactaenonina aff. tenuistriata (Hudleston) and Sulcoactaeon sedgvici (Phillips). Most of these species are the earliest records of their respective genera and show palaeobiogeographical connections with contemporary gastropod associations from other regions of Europe and South America. The taxonomic composition of the late Toarcian Cleveland Basin gastropod assemblage differs substantially from the faunas of the late Pliensbachian and early Toarcian Tenuicostatum Zone, showing the strong effect of the early Toarcian mass extinction event on the marine gastropod communities in the basin. Only a few gastropod species are shared between the late Toarcian faunas and the much more diverse Aalenian gastropod faunas in the Cleveland Basin, suggesting there was a facies control on gastropod occurrences at that time. This is also a potential explanation for the taxonomic differences between the late Toarcian gastropod faunas in the Cleveland Basin and those in France, and Northern and Southern Germany.

opencc-zeroMay 2020View details →

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The last representatives of the Superfamily Wellerelloidea (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida) in the westernmost Tethys (Iberian paleomargins) prior to their demise in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event

The last clade-level extinction episode affecting the Phylum Brachiopoda has been long-established in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event (ETMEE) around the Pliensbachian-Toarcian transition, when several rhynchonellide groups became extinct and others underwent a notable renewal in the western Tethys. Among them, Wellerelloidea is a long-range superfamily severely affected by this environmental crisis, embodying the subfamily Cirpinae as the last wellerelloids worldwide, prior to their global extinction in the Pb-To transition. The profuse record of Lower Jurassic cirpines in the peri-Iberian paleomargins provides an opportunity to clarify the taxonomy of wellerelloid species in the pre-extinction interval. A new species (Cirpa lucentina) is erected and the revision of the Cirpinae taxa around the ETMEE is carried out. Morphometric analysis and the study of internal structures of the shells support the splitting between the genera Cirpa and Salgirella, adding new supplementary diagnostic criteria. The biogeographic distribution of this clade in the western Tethys and its evolutionary history in the Early Jurassic reveal a pervasive colonization pattern of both epicontinental and epioceanic habitats. The Mediterranean origin of the last representatives of this group is ascertained, but while diversification of Salgirella took place in epioceanic habitats, speciation of Cirpa is unrelated to biochorema boundaries, even colonizing epicontinental seas until their extinction prior to the hyperwarming event that occurred in the basal Serpentinum Zone. A rhynchonellide morphogroup epitomized by cirpines was resilient to this event in the epicontinental seas. This morphogroup is also recorded after the extinction interval by means of the genus Pseudogibbirhynchia, thus postulating potential pre- and post-extinction phyletic relationships.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

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Fig. 2 in Low durophagous predation on Toarcian (Early Jurassic) ammonoids in the northwestern Panthalassa shelf basin

Fig. 2. Geological map of the Toyora area, southwest Japan (modified from Tanabe et al. 1982).