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14 results for “Early conifers”
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm.
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i).
Supporting data for: Post-fire early successional vegetation buffers surface microclimate and increases survival of planted conifer seedlings in the southwestern United States
<p>Climate change and fire-exclusion have increased the flammability of western US forests, leading to forest cover loss when wildfires occur under severe weather conditions. Increasingly large high-severity burn patches are a limitation to natural regeneration because of dispersal distance, increasing the chance that these areas are converted to non-forest. Post-fire planting can overcome dispersal limitations, yet warmer and drier post-fire conditions can still limit survival. Early successional vegetation can alter surface microclimate; however, it is unclear whether this is enough to increase planted seedling survival in southwestern US forests. Here we examined how two shrub species of different canopy density would affect survival rates of planted tree seedlings following a high-severity fire in northern New Mexico. We expected that shrubs with a higher density canopy (Gambel oak) would have a greater effect on buffering below-shrub climate than shrubs with a lower density canopy (New Mexico locust) and seedlings planted under Gambel oak would have higher survival rates. We found that seedlings planted under Gambel oak had survival rates approximately 10% to 35% greater than those planted under New Mexico locust. The higher light availability beneath New Mexico locust corresponded to higher temperatures, lower humidity, and higher VPD, which impacted the mortality of planted tree seedlings. These results suggest that by waiting for post-fire shrub establishment, shrubs can be leveraged to buffer microclimate and increase post-fire planting success in the southwestern US.</p>
Growth resilience of conifer species decreases with early, long-lasting and intense droughts but cannot be explained by hydraulic traits
<p><span>Drought events may reduce growth and survival of conifer trees. The effects of the intensity and timing of drought on the growth resilience, including growth reductions during drought and recovery of growth after drought, remains however highly uncertain.</span></p> <p><span>Growth resilience of 20 conifer species to 11 dry years was compared in a common garden experiment. We assessed 1) the relationships among growth resistance, recovery and resilience, 2) the impacts of different drought dimensions (intensity, onset and length) on resistance, and 3) the underlying mechanisms in terms of growth potential and hydraulic traits. </span></p> <p><span>Droughts led to 22% reduction in stem growth for 85% of species, but most species (85%) were resilient due to high recovery. Growth resistance decreased with an early onset of drought (significant for 55% of species), and longer lasting (35%) and intense droughts (60%). While </span><span>fast-growing species and slow-growing species were similar in resistance and recovery, fast-growing species were more resilient. </span><span>Unexpectedly, resilience could not be explained by hydraulic traits, possibly because the species grew on poor sandy soils and were acclimated to drought with large hydraulic safety margins.</span></p> <p><span><em>Synthesis </em>Our study shows that in a mild maritime climate almost all conifer species are resilient to drought, and that putative hydraulic traits may be less important here for growth resilience. It also highlights the importance of addressing multiple dimensions of drought, i.e., timing, duration and severity, to predict species responses to climate change.</span></p>
Growth resilience of conifer species decreases with early, long-lasting and intense droughts but cannot be explained by hydraulic traits
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Supporting data for: Post-fire early successional vegetation buffers surface microclimate and increases survival of planted conifer seedlings in the southwestern United States
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Figure 7 from: Pujana RR, Wilf P, Gandolfo MA (2020) Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys 156: 81-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
Figure 7 Galleries in two indeterminate conifer woods: A gallery filled with apparently spherical coprolites (TS), MPEF-Pb 10736 B gallery filled with compact frass (RLS), MPEF-Pb 10725 C detail of the frass (RLS), MPEF-Pb 10725. Scale bars: 500 μm (A, B); 200 μm (C).
Figure 6 from: Pujana RR, Wilf P, Gandolfo MA (2020) Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys 156: 81-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
Figure 6 Schematic drawing of the cross-fields: AProtophyllocladoxylon francisiaeB cf. Cupressinoxylon sp. 1 CPhyllocladoxylon antarcticumD cf. Cupressinoxylon sp. 2. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Figure 5 from: Pujana RR, Wilf P, Gandolfo MA (2020) Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys 156: 81-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
Figure 5 cf. Cupressinoxylon sp. 2, MPEF-Pb 10778: A Growth rings of type B (TS) B detail of a growth ring of type B boundary (TS) C uniseriate non contiguous intertracheary radial pits D uni- and biseriate intertracheary radial pits, opposite when biseriate (arrowheads) E uniseriate non contiguous intertracheary radial pits F cross-fields with bordered pits (RLS) G and H cross-fields with bordered pits (SEM) I uniseriate rays (TLS). Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 200 μm (B, I); 50 μm (C, D, E); 20 μm (F, G, H).
Figure 4 from: Pujana RR, Wilf P, Gandolfo MA (2020) Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys 156: 81-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
Figure 4 cf. Cupressinoxylon sp. 1, MPEF-Pb 10733: A Growth rings (TS) B detail of a growth ring boundary (TS) C Detail of roundish tracheids and axial parenchyma (arrowheads) (TS) D uniseriate non contiguous intertracheary radial pits and cross-field pit (arrowhead) (SEM) E and F cross-fields with bordered pits (SEM) G axial parenchyma (arrowhead) and cross-fields with bordered pits (RLS) H uniseriate rays (TLS) I uniseriate rays (TLS). Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 500 μm (B); 100 μm (C, I); 20 μm (D, E, F, G); 200 μm (H).
Figure 3 from: Pujana RR, Wilf P, Gandolfo MA (2020) Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys 156: 81-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
Figure 3 Phyllocladoxylon antarcticum: A Growth rings of type D (TS), MPEF-Pb 10747 B detail of a growth ring of type D boundary (TS), MPEF-Pb 10776 C detail of roundish tracheids (TS), MPEF-Pb 10765 D opposite contiguous biseriate intertracheary radial pits (arrowheads) (RLS), MPEF-Pb 10767 E uniseriate non contiguous intertracheary radial pits (scanning electron microscope, SEM), MPEF-Pb 10776 F uniseriate contiguous (arrowheads) and non contiguous intertracheary radial pits (SEM), MPEF-Pb 10776 G cross-fields with large simple pits (RLS), MPEF-Pb 10707 H cross-fields with large pointed and narrow-bordered pits (RLS), MPEF-Pb 10765 I cross-fields with large simple pits (SEM), MPEF-Pb 10710 J wall alteration of the secondary walls of tracheids (RLS), MPEF-Pb 10767 K uniseriate rays (TLS), MPEF-Pb 10767 L uniseriate rays (TLS), MPEF-Pb 10747. Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 200 μm (B, K); 100 μm (C, L); 50 μm (D, F, G, H, I, J); 20 μm (E).
Figure 2 from: Pujana RR, Wilf P, Gandolfo MA (2020) Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys 156: 81-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
Figure 2 Protophyllocladoxylon francisiae, MPEF-Pb 10694: A Growth rings of type D (transverse section, TS) B detail of a growth ring of type D boundary (TS) C opposite (arrowheads) intertracheary radial pits (radial longitudinal section, RLS) D alternate (arrowheads) intertracheary radial pits (RLS) E and F cross-fields (RLS) G wall alteration of the secondary walls of tracheids (tangential longitudinal section, TLS) H uniseriate rays (TLS) I uniseriate rays (TLS). Scale bars: 5 mm (A); 500 μm (B); 50 μm (C, D, E, F, G); 100 μm (H); 200 μm (I).
Figure 1 from: Pujana RR, Wilf P, Gandolfo MA (2020) Conifer wood assemblage dominated by Podocarpaceae, early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, central Argentinean Patagonia. PhytoKeys 156: 81-102. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.156.54175
Figure 1 Location map and satellite images (Instituto Geográfico Nacional de la República Argentina, upper, and Google, CNES / Airbus, below) showing the Laguna del Hunco section and sampling locations. Scale in the satellite image below (tilted) varies across the map.
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e).
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