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291 results for “Ecological diversification”
Fig. 1 in (macro-) Evolutionary ecology of parasite diversity: From determinants of parasite species richness to host diversification
Fig. 1. Expression of the basic transmission rate (R0) for the case of microparasites (i.e. viruses) and macroparasites (i.e. helminths with direct transmission) (for derivations of these expressions see Morand and Deter, 2008), emphasizing the importance of two host traits, longevity and density, as likely determinants of parasite invasion and then parasite species richness. In the right panel, relationships showing that both density and longevity are in allometry with host body mass (after Brown, 1995).
Fig. 2 in (macro-) Evolutionary ecology of parasite diversity: From determinants of parasite species richness to host diversification
Fig. 2. (A) Variability of ectoparasite species richness among 113 families of mammals (20 orders) (data from Kim, 1985;see Poulin and Morand, 2004). (B) Ectoparasite species richness is related to mammal diversification. The statistical analysis follows Nunn et al. (2004), where the change in the number of descendent clades is related to the change in the number of ectoparasite species, estimated using a modified version of the independent contrast method (Agapow and Isaac, 2002), for each node of the mammal phylogeny (from Binida-Emonds et al., 2007).
Ecological specialization, rather than the island effect, explains morphological diversification in an ancient radiation of geckos
Island colonists are often assumed to experience higher levels of phenotypic diversification than continental taxa. However, empirical evidence has uncovered exceptions to this 'island effect'. Here, we tested this pattern using the geckos of the genus Pristurus from continental Arabia and Africa and the Socotra Archipelago. Using a recently published phylogeny and an extensive morphological dataset, we explore the differences in phenotypic evolution between Socotran and continental taxa. Moreover, we reconstructed ancestral habitat occupancy to examine if ecological specialization is correlated with morphological change, comparing phenotypic disparity and trait evolution between habitats. We found a heterogeneous outcome of island colonization. Namely, only one of the three colonization events resulted in a body size increase. However, in general, Socotran species do not present higher levels or rates of morphological diversification than continental groups. Instead, habitat specialization explains better the body size and shape evolution in Pristurus . Particularly, the colonization of ground habitats appears as the main driver of morphological change, producing the highest disparity and evolutionary rates. Additionally, arboreal species show very similar body size and head proportions. These results reveal a determinant role of ecological mechanisms in morphological evolution and corroborate the complexity of ecomorphological dynamics in continent–island systems.
Molecular signatures of resource competition: Clonal interference favors ecological diversification and can lead to incipient speciation
<p>Microbial ecosystems harbor an astonishing diversity that can persist for long times. To understand how such diversity is structured and maintained, ecological and evolutionary processes need to be integrated at similar timescales. Here, we study a model of resource competition that allows for evolution via de novo mutation, and focus on rapidly adapting asexual populations with large mutational inputs, as typical of many bacteria species. We characterize the adaptation and diversification of an initially maladapted population and show how the eco-evolutionary dynamics are shaped by the interaction between simultaneously emerging lineages – clonal interference. We find that in large populations, more intense clonal interference can foster diversification under sympatry, increasing the probability that phenotypically and genetically distinct clusters coexist. In smaller populations, the accumulation of deleterious and compensatory mutations can push further the diversification process and kick-start speciation. Our findings have implications beyond microbial populations, providing novel insights about the interplay between ecology and evolution in clonal populations.</p>
Fig. 169 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 169. Geological crosssection through the central portion of the Rio Juruá illustrating the position of the underlying structural Iquitos Arch relative to Upper Central and Lower Central sample sites, the positional shift of major soils from the downriver Alter do Chãu to upriver Solimes formations and position and depths of the upper Acre Subbasin and lower Central Amazon Subbasin. The geographic position of drill core sites from the Brazilian oil consortium, Petrabras, are indicated. Redrawn from Fig. 10 in volume 15 of the Projeto RadamBrasil (1977).
Fig. 170 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 170. Hypothesis of area relationships for lowland tropical forests of South America based on analyses of avian phyletic and distributional data (from Cracraft and Prum, 1988).
Fig. 166 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 166. Sample localities and distribution of haplotypes of the cytochromeb gene for the spiny tree rat Mesomys hispidus (above) and two species of terrestrial spiny rats Proechimys simonsi (middle) and P. steerei (below) along the Rio Jurua´. Single haplotypes shared among localities are indicated by ellipses connecting them. The number of haplotypes unique to each locality is also indicated.
Fig. 161 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 161. Phenogram of Jaccard's similarity coefficients in comparisons of species composition between all documented species of marsupials, murid rodents, and echimyid rodents from each of 21 lowland Neotropical forest sample sites (see text). Terminal branches are identified by locality, as in the map (fig. 162). Mantel's matrix correlation coefficient for the association between the similarity matrix and the cophenetic correlation matrix is 0.946, p <0.001.
Fig. 162 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 162. Sample sites in lowland neotropical forests for which reasonably complete species inventories are available for marsupials, murid rodents, and echimyid rodents (data largely from Voss and Emmons, 1996; see text). Regional groupings of localities, based on the phenogram of Jaccard's similarity coefficients in fig. 161, are drawn to indicate geographic relationships in community composition Localities outside of the Rio Juruá are identified by letters corresponding to the names given in the phenogram, fig. 161.
Fig. 158 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 158. Karyotypes of four specimens of Proechimys steerei: A, Female; 2n = 24, FN = 40 MNFS 2096; Macaco, left bank Rio Jau´, Amazonas, Brazil. B, Female; 2n = 24, FN = 40; JUR 307 VaiQuemQuer (locality 15), right bank Rio Jurua´, Amazonas, Brazil. C, Female; 2n = 24, FN = 41 Sacado (locality 5), right bank Rio Jurua´, Amazonas, Brazil. And, D, Male; 2n = 24, FN = 42; MNFS 1545; Nova Vida (locality 3), right bank Rio Jurua´, Acre, Brazil.
Fig. 156 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 156. Geographic trend in overall size, as indexed by mean scores on the first principal components axis for samples of Proechimys steerei along the Rio Jurua´. Samples are positioned from left to right from the headwaters downriver to mouth localities. Solid circles represent population means; bars on either side represent 95% confidence limits.
Fig. 154 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 154. Strict consensus maximum parsimony tree of 27 equally minimal length trees for 30 individual haplotypes of species of the Proechimys goeldiigroup from 23 localities in Peru´, Venezuela, and Brazil, as identified in the map (fig. 153). Length = 509 steps; CI = 0.672; RI = 0.814. Sequences of other species of Proechimys and of Mesomys were used to root the tree. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are average Kimura twoparameter distance. Provenance data and catalog numbers for each specimen can be found in table 77, listed in order from top to bottom in the tree.
Fig. 150 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 150. Geographic trend in overall size, as indexed by mean scores on the first principal components axis for samples of Proechimys simonsi along the Rio Jurua´. Samples are positioned from left to right from the headwaters downriver to mouth localities. Solid circles represent population means; bars on either side represent 95% confidence limits.
Fig. 151 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 151. (Left) Histograms of individual scores in a discriminant function analysis for Proechimys simonsi with river bank identified as a priori groupings. Slight differentiation is apparent in the distributions for left bank and right bank population samples. (Right) Histograms of individual scores in a discriminant function analysis for Proechimys steerei with river bank identified as a priori groupings Slight differentiation is apparent in the distributions for left bank and right bank population samples.
Fig. 149 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 149. Bivariate plots of the first and second principal components axes illustrating the morphometric relationships between samples of Proechimys simonsi by geographic regions along the Rio Juruá (above) and between river bank samples (below).
Fig. 147 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 147. Single mostparsimonious tree, based on an exhaustive search, of haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochromeb gene of Proechimys kulinae from the Rio Juruá (801 bp); length = 137 steps, CI = 0.993, RI = 0.989. Sequences of other species of Proechimys and of Mesomys were used as outgroups to root the tree. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are average Kimura twoparameter distances. Voucher catalog numbers and localities (by number) are identified for each haplotype.
Fig. 153 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 153. Map of the distribution of three species of the Proechimys goeldii group (modified from Patton, 1987) illustrating localities for which 801 bp of cytochromeb sequence are available, lettered or numbered as in the tree (fig. 154). Localities from which individual specimens have been examined are identified by number (Rio Jurua´) or letter, and are listed in table 77. Solid triangles = P. quadruplicatus; solid circles = P. steerei; and open circles = P. goeldii.
Fig. 146 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 146. (Above) Map of the distribution of Proechimys gardneri and P. pattoni (modified from da Silva, 1998). Localities from which individual specimens have been examined for sequence of the mtDNA cytochromeb gene are indicated; those from localities outside of the Rio Juruá are lettered (Below) Single mostparsimonious tree, based on a branchandbound analysis, of haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochromeb gene (798 bp); length = 246 steps, CI = 0.752, RI = 0.847. Sequences of other species of Proechimys and of Mesomys were used as outgroups to root the tree. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are average Kimura twoparameter distances. Voucher catalog numbers and localities for each haplotype are given in table 70.
Fig. 168 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 168. Generalized gene genealogies of Neacomys minutus and Mesomys hispidus, two phylogeographic category I species of the Rio Juruá illustrating common patterns in their respective distributions of reciprocally monophyletic cytochromeb clades. In both cases, as well as in nine other species or speciespairs, monophyletic clades are split into upriver (Headwaters and Upper Central regions) and downriver (Lower Central and Mouth regions), although overlap may be present in either the Upper or Lower Central regions, as is true for M. hispidus.
Fig. 142 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 142. (Left) Map of the distribution of Proechimys brevicauda (modified from Patton, 1987 illustrating localities for which 798 bp of cytochromeb sequence are available, lettered or numbered as in the tree (right). Localities belonging to each of the two mtDNA clades are encompassed by ellipses (Right) Strict consensus maximum parsimony tree of eight equally minimal length trees for 10 individual haplotypes from the seven localities in the map (left). Length = 265 steps; CI = 0.872; RI = 0.757 Sequences of Proechimys simonsi and Mesomys were used to root the tree. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are average Kimura twoparameter distances. Voucher catalog numbers and localities for each haplotype are given in table 65.
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