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65 results for “Ecological limits”
Fig. 7 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco
Fig. 7. Morphospace (UWI, umbilical width index; WER, whorl expansion rate; CWI, conch width index) with data of 3015 species of Palaeozoic ammonoids with additional points of the ammonoids from the early late Viséan of the Tafilalt (Morocco). Note that data points of juveniles (empty symbols) of Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense and Goniatites lazarus lie at the edge or outside of the cloud of 3015 species. Graph produced using JMP 11.
Fig. 5 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco
Fig. 5. Ammonoids from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A, C. Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 1999. A. PIMUZ 31516 (A1), Goniatites lazarus with a juvenile specimen in oblique-ventral (A2), lateral (A3), and ventral (A4) views. C. PIMUZ 31513, fragmentary adult in lateral view (C1), cross section (C2). B. Entogonites bucheri sp. nov., PIMUZ 31509, holotype in lateral (B1) and ventral (B2) views. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate.
Fig. 3 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco
Fig. 3. Adult specimen of Goniatites lazarus Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005 (PIMUZ 31514) from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco), in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate
Fig. 6 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco
Fig. 6. Mass occurrence of juvenile ammonoids from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A. PIMUZ 31518 with 4 specimens of Nomismoceras sp., 3 Prolecanites sp., 4 Entogonites saharensis Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, 1 Calygirtyoceras darkaouaense Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 1999, and 2 Bollandites sp. B. PIMUZ 31508, overview; many taxa are indicated in the figure. All specimens whitened with NH4Clsublimate.
Fig. 4 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco
Fig. 4. Comparison of cross sections, measurements, and ratios of Goniatites lazarus and other ammonoids. A. Goniatites lazarus, subadult (MB.C. 25130, A1) and juvenile (PIMUZ 31510, A2) from early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). B. Goniatites fimbriatus, MB.C.13299 (after Korn et al. 2008: fig. 23A) from Nehden, Viséan, Rhenish Mountains, Germany. C. Juvenile Kornia citrus, MB.C.10202.1 (after Ebbighausen and Bockwinkel 2007: fig. 30B) from early Tournaisian, Aguelmous (Tafilalt, Morocco); note the conch shape and umbilical ridge, which is similar to juvenile G. lazarus. Whorl width (ww) and umbilical width (uw) indexes (D) and whorl expansion rate (WER) (E) of G. lazarus, G. fimbriatus, and K. citrus.
Fig. 2 in Exploring the limits of morphospace: Ontogeny and ecology of late Viséan ammonoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco
Fig. 2. Juvenile (neanic) specimens of Goniatites lazarus Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, Entogonites saharensis Korn, Klug, and Mapes, 2005, and Entogonites bucheri sp. nov. All from the early late Viséan, 12 km SE of Dar Kaoua (Tafilalt, Morocco). A. PIMUZ 31512, two neanic G. lazarus specimens (white arrows) in ventral views (A1), note the associated E. saharensis and orthocones. Enlarged G. lazarus in lateral view (A2); the narrow umbilicus and the umbilical ridge (A3). B. PIMUZ 31512, a juvenile G. lazarus, a small juvenile and a subadult E. saharensis; G. lazarus in ventral (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. PIMUZ 31520, detail of a fully grown Maxigoniatites saourensis (Pareyn, 1961) with G. lazarus, 3 juvenile E. saharensis, and a subadult E. saharensis and a hatchling of E. bucheri sp. nov. (arrowed); C2, detail of C1, showing G. lazarus and E. bucheri sp. nov. All specimens whitened with NH4Cl-sublimate. Scale bars 10 mm.
Food limitation erodes the thermal tolerance of larvae in an ecologically influential marine herbivore
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Data from: Genomic, ecological, and morphological approaches to investigating species limits: a case study in modern taxonomy from Tropical Eastern Pacific surgeonfishes
A wide variety of species are distinguished by slight color variations. However, molecular analyses have repeatedly demonstrated that coloration does not always correspond to distinct evolutionary histories between closely related groups, suggesting that this trait is labile and can be misleading for species identification. In the present study, we analyze the evolutionary history of sister species of Prionurus surgeonfishes in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), which are distinguished by the presence or absence of dark spots on their body. We examined the species limits in this system using comparative specimen-based approaches, a mitochondrial gene (COI), more than 800 nuclear loci (Ultraconserved Elements), and abiotic niche comparisons. The results indicate there is a complete overlap of meristic counts and morphometric measurements between the two species. Further, we detected multiple individuals with intermediate spotting patterns suggesting that coloration is not diagnostic. Mitochondrial data recovered a single main haplotype shared between the species and all locations resulting in a complete lack of structure (ST = 0). Genomic analyses also suggest low levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.013), and no alternatively fixed SNPs were detected between the two phenotypes. Furthermore, niche comparisons could not reject niche equivalency or similarity between the species. These results suggest that these two phenotypes are conspecific and widely distributed in the TEP. Here we recognize Prionurus punctatus Gill 1862 as a junior subjective synonym of P. laticlavius (Valenciennes 1846). The underlying causes of phenotypic variation in this species is unknown. However, this system gives insight into general evolutionary dynamics within the TEP.
Considerable genetic diversity and structure despite narrow endemism and limited ecological specialization in the Hayden's ringlet, Coenonympha haydenii
<p>Understanding the processes that underlie the development of population genetic structure is central to the study of evolution. Patterns of genetic structure can reveal signatures of isolation by distance, barriers to gene flow, or even the genesis of speciation. However, it is unclear how severe range restriction might impact the processes that dominate the development of genetic structure. In narrow endemic species, is population structure likely to be adaptive in nature, or rather the result of genetic drift? In this study, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity and structure in the narrow endemic Hayden's ringlet butterfly. Specifically, we asked to what degree genetic structure in the Hayden's ringlet can be explained by isolation by distance, isolation by resistance (in the form of geographic or ecological barriers to migration between populations), and isolation by environment (in the form of differences in host plant availability and preference). We employed a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach coupled with host preference assays, Bayesian modeling, and population genomic analyses to answer these questions. Our results suggest that despite their restricted range, levels of genetic diversity in the Hayden's ringlet are comparable to those seen in more widespread butterfly species. Hayden's ringlets showed a strong preference for feeding on grasses relative to sedges, but neither larval preference nor potential host availability at sampling sites correlated with genetic structure. We conclude that geography, in the form of isolation by resistance and simple isolation by distance, was the major driver of contemporary patterns of differentiation in this narrow endemic species.</p>
Environmental variation and biotic interactions limit adaptation at ecological margins: lessons from rainforest Drosophila and European butterflies
<p>Models of local adaptation to spatially varying selection predict that maximum rates of evolution are determined by the interaction between increased adaptive potential owing to increased genetic variation, and the cost genetic variation brings by reducing population fitness. We discuss existing and new results from our laboratory assays and field transplants of rainforest Drosophila and UK butterflies along environmental gradients, which try to test these predictions in natural populations. Our data suggest that: (i) local adaptation along ecological gradients is not consistently observed in time and space, especially where biotic and abiotic interactions affect both gradient steepness and genetic variation in fitness; (ii) genetic variation in fitness observed in the laboratory is only sometimes visible to selection in the field, suggesting that demographic costs can remain high without increasing adaptive potential; and (iii) antagonistic interactions between species reduce local productivity, especially at ecological margins. Such antagonistic interactions steepen gradients and may increase the cost of adaptation by increasing its dimensionality. However, where biotic interactions do evolve, rapid range expansion can follow. Future research should test how the environmental sensitivity of genotypes determines their ecological exposure, and its effects on genetic variation in fitness, to predict the probability of evolutionary rescue at ecological margins. This article is part of the theme issue 'Species' ranges in the face of changing environments (Part II)'.</p>
Data supplementing the article "Diatom DNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring : strategies to avoid major taxonomical and bioinformatical biases limiting molecular indices capacities" K. Tapolczai, F. Keck, A. Bouchez, F. Rimet, M. Kahlert and V. Vasselon submitted to "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution" journal
<p>These data supplement the article "Diatom DNA metabarcoding for biomonitoring : strategies to avoid major taxonomical and bioinformatical biases limiting molecular indices capacities" K. Tapolczai, F. Keck, A. Bouchez, F. Rimet, M. Kahlert and V. Vasselon submitted to "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution" journal.</p> <p>The directory contains the following files:</p> <p><strong>464_samples_fastq_files_(mothur).rar </strong>- contains the 464 fastq files proceed together during the Mothur bioinformatics treatments to produce the OTUs and ISUs tables. As the contig and the demultiplexing steps were performed by the sequencing platform, there is 1 fastq file per sample. From this 464 samples OTU/ISU tables, only information regarding 76 samples were used in this study and are listed in the "<strong>76_samples_list_(mothur).xlsx" </strong>file<strong>.</strong></p> <p><strong>76_samples_list_(mothur).xlsx </strong>- contains the information regarding the 76 samples used to create the OTUs and ISUs tables presented in the paper.</p> <p><strong>76_samples_R1_R2_fastq_files(DADA2).rar - </strong>contains the raw demultiplexed fastq files (R1.fastq and R2.fastq) for each of the 76 samples used in this study to produce the ESVs table using the DADA2 bioinformatics pipeline.</p>
Additional climate information for research paper «Ecological and Geographical Analysis of Distribution of Heracleum persicum, H. mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi on The Northern Limit of Its Invaded Range in Europe» submitted to Russian Journal of Biological Invasions
<p><strong>Additional climate information for research paper «Ecological and Geographical Analysis of Distribution of Heracleum persicum, H. mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi on The Northern Limit of Its Invaded Range in Europe» submitted to Russian Journal of Biological Invasions </strong></p>
Data from: Genomic, ecological, and morphological approaches to investigating species limits: a case study in modern taxonomy from Tropical Eastern Pacific surgeonfishes
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Environmental variation and biotic interactions limit adaptation at ecological margins: lessons from rainforest Drosophila and European butterflies
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Considerable genetic diversity and structure despite narrow endemism and limited ecological specialization in the Hayden's ringlet, Coenonympha haydenii
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Traits-climate range limits data and code (Van Nuland et al. 2019; Ecology and Evolution)
<p>Data and code associated with Van Nuland et al. manuscript “<em>Intraspecific trait variation across elevation predicts a widespread tree species’ climate niche and range limits</em>” in Ecology and Evolution.</p>
The limits of convergence: the roles of phylogeny and dietary ecology in shaping non-avian amniote skulls
Cranial morphology is remarkably varied in living amniotes, ranging from short-faced mammals to the elongate snouts of crocodylians. This diversity of shapes is thought to correspond with feeding ecology, a relationship repeatedly demonstrated at smaller phylogenetic scales, but one that remains untested across amniote phylogeny. Using a combination of 2D geometric and linear morphometrics, we investigate the links between phylogenetic relationships, diet, and skull shape in an expansive dataset of extant amniotes with teeth: mammals, lepidosaurs, and crocodylians. We find that both phylogeny and diet have statistically significant effects on skull shape, although these effects differ depending on the dataset analyzed. The three major clades largely partition morphospace, each plotting in separate regions with limited overlap. Mammals and squamates extensively diversify within their respective regions. Among all three groups, dietary generalists often occupy clade-specific central regions of morphospace. Some parallel changes in skull shape occur in clades with distinct evolutionary histories but similar diets. However, members of a given clade often present distinct skull shape solutions for a given diet, and the vast majority of species retain the unique aspects of their ancestral skull plan, underscoring the limits of morphological convergence due to ecology in amniotes. These data demonstrate that certain skull shapes may provide functional advantages suited to particular diets, but accounting for both phylogenetic history and ecology can provide a more nuanced approach for inferring the ecology and functional morphology of cryptic or extinct amniotes.
Ecological limits as the driver of bird species richness patterns along the east Himalayan elevational gradient
<p>Variation in species richness across environmental gradients results from a combination of historical non-equilibrium processes (time, speciation, extinction) and present-day differences in environmental carrying capacities (i.e., ecological limits, affected by species interactions and the abundance and diversity of resources). In a study of bird richness along the sub-tropical east Himalayan elevational gradient, we test the prediction that species richness patterns are consistent with ecological limits using data on morphology, phylogeny, elevational distribution, and arthropod resources. Species richness peaks at mid-elevations. Occupied morphological volume is roughly constant from low to mid-elevations, implying more species are packed into the same space at mid-elevations compared with low elevations. However, variance in beak length, and differences in beak length between close relatives decline with elevation, a consequence of the addition of many small insectivores at mid-elevations. These patterns are predicted from resource distributions: arthropod size diversity declines from low to mid elevations, largely because many more small insects are present at mid-elevations. Weak correlations of species mean morphological traits with elevation also match predictions based on resources and habitats. Elevational transects in the tropical Andes, New Guinea and Tanzania similarly show declines in mean arthropod size and mean beak length, and in these cases likely contribute to declining numbers of insectivorous bird species richness along these gradients. The results imply conditions for ecological limits are met, although historical non-equilibrium processes are likely to also contribute to the pattern of species richness.</p>
Data from: Species limits and phylogenomic relationships of Darwin's finches remain unresolved: potential consequences of a volatile ecological setting
Island biotas have become paradigms for illustrating many evolutionary processes. The fauna of the Galapagos Islands includes several taxa that have been focal points for evolutionary studies. Perhaps their most famous inhabitants, Darwin's finches, represent a go-to icon when thinking about how species originate and adapt to the environment. However, unlike other adaptive radiations, past morphological and molecular studies of Darwin's finches have yielded inconsistent hypotheses of species limits and phylogenetic relationships. Expecting that idiosyncrasies of prior data and analytic methods explained different proposed classifications, we were surprised to observe that three new phylogenetic hypotheses derived mostly from the same genomics data were topologically inconsistent. We found that the differences between some of these genomics trees were as great as one would expect between two random trees with the same number of taxa. Thus, the phylogeny of Darwin's finches remains unresolved, as it has for more than a century. A component of phylogenetic uncertainty comes from unclear species limits, under any species concept, in the ground finches (Geospiza) and tree finches (Camarhynchus). We suggest that past authors should have tested the species limits of Lack, rather than uncritically accepting them. In fact, the impressive amount of genomics data do not provide unambiguous hypotheses of the number of species of Geospiza or Camarhynchus, although they imply greater species diversity than Lack's taxonomy. We suggest that insufficient sampling of species populations across islands (35.6% for morphometrics and 20.4% for genomics) prevents accurate diagnoses of species limits. However, it is unknown whether samples from a greater number of islands might result in bridging differences between species, or reveal many new ones. We conclude that attempts to interpret patterns of variation among the finches under standard evolutionary paradigms have obscured some major messages, most specifically the ongoing reciprocal interactions between geographic isolation and lineage divergence, and dispersal and gene flow caused by the volatile ecological conditions in the islands. Although the finches provide textbook examples of natural selection, better understanding of species limits and a robust phylogenetic hypothesis are required to corroborate past hypotheses of speciation and adaptive radiation in the finches of the Galapagos.
Ecological significance of marcescence in Himalayan plants: Why is standing dead phytomass more important in demanding, resource-limited environments?
<ol> <li>Understanding mechanisms allowing plants to thrive in challenging conditions is critical for predicting their responses to global environmental change. An often overlooked ecological adaptation is marcescence, where leaves and stems are retained beyond their typical shedding time, with implications for nutrient recycling and carbon sequestration. Marcescence may be common in plants with conservative resource-use strategies, especially in environments with limited resources and marked seasonality, such as deserts and alpine regions. However, the extent to which marcescence occurs in different taxa across different habitats and its relationship to seasonality and plant functioning as reflected in ecophysiological traits remains understudied.</li> <li>We studied 600 individuals across 40 Himalayan herb species found in desert, steppe, alpine, and subnival habitats, spanning 3000 to 5400 m elevation. Marcescence was observed in 37 out of 40 species evaluated, with 57% of the sampled individuals displaying dead phytomass, indicating the widespread nature of this phenomenon in Himalayan ecosystems.</li> <li>Environment and plant traits emerged as significant factors influencing the amount of dead-standing biomass. These findings remained robust after accounting for intraspecific variation and phylogenetic inertia. Desert and steppe species exhibited greater marcescent biomass, characterized by tenfold more dead stem biomass than alpine and subnival plants. In contrast, the proportion of dead phytomass increased with elevation due to increased dead leaf fraction.</li> <li>Tall desert species with heavily lignified stems and limited nitrogen and phosphorus content had high levels of stem marcescence, which may aid litter photodegradation and nutrient recycling but also deter herbivory and promote seed dispersal (tumbleweed). Conversely, slow-growing alpine and subnival plants with higher water-use efficiency, foliar C:N ratios, and parenchymatic storage tissue rich in mobile carbohydrates had a high proportion of marcescent leaves, which may aid survival in these resource-limited environments by providing delayed nutrients through moisture-conserving mulch that also provides insulation and protection from frost.</li> <li>This study provides new insights into the complex interplay of habitat, seasonality, and plant traits in dead phytomass retention in Himalayan plants. Marcescence is prevalent in resource-conservative species in highly seasonal, resource-limited habitats and may significantly shape the functioning and biodiversity of Himalayan ecosystems.</li> </ol>
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