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58 results for “Ecology: physiological”
Physiological Ecology of Euryhaline Chironomid Midges in Cape Cod MA 2002-2003
In summer, 2002, hundreds of thousands of salt-tolerant midges (Chironomus decorus group, Diptera, Chironomidae) emerged from Pilgrim Lake/East Harbor, Truro, MA. The lake is a former estuary but has been separated from the sea for over 150 years by restrictions associated with railroad and highway construction. Brackish conditions caused by leaky tide gates designed to drain excess freshwater from the lake, coupled with high nutrient levels exacerbated by a massive fish kill the previous year, created conditions that supported densities of midge larvae of more than 5,000/m2 and produced a severe public nuisance in the vicinity of the lake when the adult midges emerged. The emergence coincided with National Park Service efforts to increase tidal flow into the lake, as part of a long-term commitment to restoration of restricted coastal waters within the Cape Cod National Seashore. We are studying the effects of increased tidal flow on midge populations, and in particular evaluating how high salinities need to be to reduce the potential for further nuisance outbreaks of the midges.
Fig. 3 in Impact of ecotourism on the fish fauna of Bonito region (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil): ecological, behavioural and physiological measures
Fig. 3. Image illustrating under water visibility at the beginning of the snorkeling excursion and the presence of tourists (Lima, 2008).
Fig. 1 in Impact of ecotourism on the fish fauna of Bonito region (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil): ecological, behavioural and physiological measures
Fig. 1. Map showing the location of the study area: Sucuri River (C), município of Bonito area (B), Brazil (A). Adapted from Miranda & Coutinho (2004).
Fig. 8 in Impact of ecotourism on the fish fauna of Bonito region (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil): ecological, behavioural and physiological measures
Fig. 8. Variation of behaviour patterns between before (8h00) and after (9h00) the first disturbance of tourists in the river (mean and SEM) for M. bonita; (a) Tourism and (b) No Tourism. Lighter bars = 8h00; darker bars = 9h00 (Mann-Whitney U-test). N = 70; * p <0.05; ** p <0.01.
Fig. 9 in Impact of ecotourism on the fish fauna of Bonito region (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil): ecological, behavioural and physiological measures
Fig. 9. Variation (mean and SEM) of cortisol responses to restraining stress in Moenkhausia bonita individuals at the No Tourism and Tourism sites (Mann-Whitney U-test, N = 6; Z = -2.95; p <0.005).
Fig. 1A–D in Review paper A Half-century of Research on Free-living Amoebae (1965-2017): Review of Biogeographic, Ecological and Physiological Studies
Fig. 1A–D. Column graphs showing the number of published papers reviewed (ordinate) grouped by decades (abscissa). 1A – Total; 1B – Biogeography; 1C – Ecology; 1D – Physiology.
Symbionts out of sync: decoupled physiological responses are widespread and ecologically important in lichen associations
<p>A core vulnerability in symbioses is the need for coordination between the symbiotic partners, which are often assumed to be closely physiologically integrated. We critically re-examine this assumed integration in lichen symbioses, recovering a long overlooked yet fundamental physiological asymmetry in carbon balance. We examine the physiological, ecological and transcriptional basis of this asymmetry in the lichen <em>Evernia mesomorpha</em>. This carbon balance asymmetry depends on hydration source and aligns with climatic range limits. Differences in gene expression across the <em>E. mesomorpha</em> symbiosis suggest that the physiologies of the primary lichen symbionts are decoupled. Furthermore, we use gas-exchange data to show that asymmetries in carbon balance are widespread and common across evolutionarily disparate lichen associations. Using carbon balance asymmetry as an example, we provide evidence for the wide-ranging importance of physiological asymmetries in symbioses.</p>
Fig. 2 in Impact of ecotourism on the fish fauna of Bonito region (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil): ecological, behavioural and physiological measures
Fig. 2. Image illustrating tourists at the beginning of the snorkeling excursion (Lima, 2008).
Symbionts out of sync: decoupled physiological responses are widespread and ecologically important in lichen associations
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Data from: Physiological and ecological drivers of early spring blooms of a coastal phytoplankter
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Leaf physiological plasticity in Schima superba and Schima argentea is related to ecological niche width under varied altitude gradients
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Elevational niche-shift migration: Why the degree of elevational change matters for the ecology, evolution, and physiology of migratory birds to ornithology
<p>Elevational migration can be defined as roundtrip seasonal movement that involves upward and downward shifts in elevation. These shifts incur physiological challenges that are proportional to the degree of elevational change. Larger shifts in elevation correspond to larger shifts in partial pressure of oxygen, air density, temperature, and UV exposure. Although most avian examples of elevational migration involve subtle shifts that would have minimal impacts on physiology, shifts of <i>any magnitude</i> have previously been considered under the broad umbrella of 'elevational migration'. Here, we consider extreme seasonal elevational movements (≥2000 m), sufficient to shift the elevational dimension of the eco-climatic niche. Migratory bird populations typically maintain inter-seasonal stability in the temperature, precipitation, and elevational aspects of their climatic niches, a tendency that likely reflects genetic physiological specialization on environmental conditions such as atmospheric pressure. A shift of ≥2000 m involves a ≥20% change in air density and oxygen partial pressure, sufficient to incur functionally impactful declines in arterial blood-oxygen saturation and require compensatory shifts in respiratory physiology. We refer to this phenomenon as elevational niche-shift migration (ENSM). In this review, we analyzed >4 million occurrence records to identify 105 populations, representing 92 bird species, that undergo complete or partial ENSM. We identified key ecological and evolutionary questions regarding causes and consequences of ENSM. Our synthesis reveals that ENSM has evolved independently in at least 29 avian families spanning 10 orders. Nonetheless, ENSM is rare relative to other forms of seasonal migration, consistent with the general tendency of seasonal niche conservatism by migratory species and evolutionarily conserved elevational range limits. For many migratory species and populations, within-species patterns of migratory connectivity are not sufficiently understood to determine ENSM status. ENSM is distinguished by its scale within the broader phenomenon of elevational migration. Critical examination of ENSM illustrates fundamental constraints on the ecology and evolution of migration systems, topographical influences on geographic patterns of migratory connectivity, and the remarkable metabolic flexibility of certain bird species that allows them to occupy disparate elevations across different seasons.</p>
Data from: Physiological, morphological, and ecological tradeoffs influence vertical habitat use of deep-diving toothed-whales in the Bahamas
Dive capacity among toothed whales (suborder: Odontoceti) has been shown to generally increase with body mass in a relationship closely linked to the allometric scaling of metabolic rates. However, two odontocete species tagged in this study, the Blainville's beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris and the Cuvier's beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris, confounded expectations of a simple allometric relationship, with exceptionally long (mean: 46.1 min & 65.4 min) and deep dives (mean: 1129 m & 1179 m), and comparatively small body masses (med.: 842.9 kg & 1556.7 kg). These two species also exhibited exceptionally long recovery periods between successive deep dives, or inter-deep-dive intervals (M. densirostris: med. 62 min; Z. cavirostris: med. 68 min). We examined competing hypotheses to explain observed patterns of vertical habitat use based on body mass, oxygen binding protein concentrations, and inter-deep-dive intervals in an assemblage of five sympatric toothed whales species in the Bahamas. Hypotheses were evaluated using dive data from satellite tags attached to the two beaked whales (M. densirostris, n = 12; Z. cavirostris, n = 7), as well as melon-headed whales Peponocephala electra (n = 13), short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus (n = 15), and sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus (n = 27). Body mass and myoglobin concentration together explained only 36% of the variance in maximum dive durations. The inclusion of inter-deep-dive intervals, substantially improved model fits (R2 = 0.92). This finding supported a hypothesis that beaked whales extend foraging dives by exceeding aerobic dive limits, with the extension of inter-deep-dive intervals corresponding to metabolism of accumulated lactic acid. This inference points to intriguing tradeoffs between body size, access to prey in different depth strata, and time allocation within dive cycles. These tradeoffs and resulting differences in habitat use have important implications for spatial distribution patterns, and relative vulnerabilities to anthropogenic impacts.
Data from: Social and ecological factors alter stress physiology of Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Living in a rapidly changing environment can alter stress physiology at the population level, with negative impacts on health, reproductive rates, and mortality that may ultimately result in species decline. Small, isolated animal populations where genetic diversity is low are at particular risks, such as endangered Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Along with climate change‐associated environmental shifts that are affecting the entire population, subpopulations of the Virunga gorillas have recently experienced extreme changes in their social environment. As the growing population moves closer to the forest's carrying capacity, the gorillas are coping with rising population density, increased frequencies of interactions between social units, and changing habitat use (e.g., more overlapping home ranges and routine ranging at higher elevations). Using noninvasive monitoring of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) on 115 habituated Virunga gorillas, we investigated how social and ecological variation are related to baseline FGM levels, to better understand the adaptive capacity of mountain gorillas and monitor potential physiological indicators of population decline risks. Generalized linear mixed models revealed elevated mean monthly baseline FGM levels in months with higher rainfall and higher mean maximum and minimum temperature, suggesting that Virunga gorillas might be sensitive to predicted warming and rainfall trends involving longer, warmer dry seasons and more concentrated and extreme rainfall occurrences. Exclusive use of smaller home range areas was linked to elevated baseline FGM levels, which may reflect reduced feeding efficiency and increased travel efforts to actively avoid neighboring groups. The potential for additive effects of stress‐inducing factors could have short‐ and long‐term impacts on the reproduction, health, and ultimately survival of the Virunga gorilla population. The ongoing effects of environmental changes and population dynamics must be closely monitored and used to develop effective long‐term conservation strategies that can help address these risk factors.
Data from: Innovative consumers: ecological, behavioral and physiological predictors of responses to novel food
Consumer innovation, i.e. the acquisition and consumption of novel food types, has received little attention despite its predominance among animal innovations, and its potential implications for the ecology and evolution of species in a changing world. Results of the few studies that have investigated individual responses to novel foods suggest that various ecological, behavioral, and physiological variables may impact individual propensity for consumer innovation, but further work is needed to clarify these relationships. We investigated if urbanization, social rank, exploratory personality, and baseline levels of corticosterone predict food neophobia and consumer innovation responses of wild-caught black-capped chickadees (N=170) from 14 sites along an urbanization gradient. Our analyses do not support a link between food neophobia or consumer innovation and urbanization, dominance or exploratory personality. However, birds with higher levels of baseline corticosterone were quicker to contact novel food types, and more likely to consume novel foods than individuals with lower levels of the hormone. This finding suggests that physiological states that promote foraging behavior might drive individual responses to novel food. Additionally, we found that chickadees tested later in autumn were less neophobic than those tested earlier in the season, perhaps reflecting seasonal changes in food availability. Together, the ability of baseline corticosterone and date of capture to predict responses to novel food suggest that necessity may drive consumer innovation in chickadees.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 8. Specimen housed at Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP 10300), from Utiariti, MT, the second specimen of Bachia bresslaui to be known, here recognized as the recently described B. didactyla, showing the first supralabial merged with the nasal, and supraocular not touching the nasal.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 7. Variation on head scalation on Bachia bresslaui: A) the holotype from an unknown locality at São Paulo state (MZUSP 4737); B) from Brasilia, DF (MZUSP 91658), with a similar head scalation to the holotype; C) from an unknown locality (MZUSP 91599), showing contact between parietal and supralabial; D) from Bataguassu, MS (MZUSP 78211) also with parietal and supralabial in contact, and with no contact between frontal and nasal; E) from UHE Ponte de Pedra, MT (MZUSP 98760), showing seven supralabials, and also; F) from Itiquira, MT (MZUSP 99345).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 4. Distributional records of Bachia species of B. bresslaui group at the Central Brazil. Examined specimens are represented by symbols outlined in white; Type localities represented by central black dot. Two records of B. bresslaui at Planalto dos Gerais presented with an question mark were not examined and may represent B. geralista sp. nov. São Paulo state record presented with a question mark represents the unknown type locality for Bachia bresslaui.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 5. Habitat and microhabitat of Bachia geralista sp. nov., at Peruaçu valley region: (A) an individual and its track imprinted in the sandy soil; (B) typical cerrado vegetation found at the area; (C) a Pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense); (D) the large cover of leaves under a Pequi tree; (E) detail of soil profile covered by a large layer of leaves; (F) general view of the regenerated cerrado habitat, dominated by Porcada bushes (Copaifera martii).
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 6. Physiological and behavioral results: A) Box-plots represent maximum daily temperatures reached in the different microhabitats available to B. geralista sp. nov. Horizontal grey bars show temperatures voluntarily experienced by 10 individuals of B. geralista sp. nov. within laboratory thermal gradients. Dashed red line indicates highest temperature experienced by B. geralista sp. nov. in the lab, grey indicates voluntary maximum. B) Use of tail in one captive B. geralista sp. nov., arrow indicates cloacal region. C) Juveniles B. geralista sp. nov. grouped together within the terrarium.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.