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25 results for “Ectatomma”
Data from: Seed fate in ant-mediated dispersal: Seed dispersal effectiveness in the Ectatomma ruidum (Formicidae) - Zanthoyxlum ekmanii (Rutaceae) system
<p>Plants are often dispersal limited relying on passive or active agents to find suitable microhabitats for germination. Seeds of pioneer tree species, for example, require light gaps for growth but have short median dispersal distances and often do not provide a food reward to encourage animal dispersal. Zanthoxylum ekmanii seeds are frequently moved by ants but evaluating the effectiveness of ant-mediated seed removal requires knowledge of the species moving the seeds, how far they are moved, and the deposition site. To assess the effectiveness of ants as seed dispersers of Z. ekmanii, we utilized the seed dispersal effectiveness framework. We tracked the movement of seeds from caches on the forest floor, revealing that foragers of Ectatomma ruidum moved 32.8% of seeds an average first distance of 99.8 cm with 68.3% of those seeds taken into a colony. The quality of deposition location was assessed using a seedling emergence study where freshly germinated seeds were buried at different depths. Seedlings were primarily able to emerge from the shallowest depths. Wax castings of E. ruidum colonies demonstrated that seeds brought into the colony were deposited in chambers that had larvae present and experienced more damage than seeds unhandled by ants. Foragers, however, did not have a strong enough bite force to rupture Z. ekmanii seeds likely because their muscle morphology is not structured to maximize force generation. Overall, E. ruidum may help fine tune deposition location, incorporating seeds into the topsoil, though few seeds will likely emerge if soil bioturbation is low.</p>
Data from: Seed fate in ant-mediated dispersal: Seed dispersal effectiveness in the Ectatomma ruidum (Formicidae) - Zanthoyxlum ekmanii (Rutaceae) system
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Data from: Day/night upper thermal limits differ within Ectatomma ruidum ant colonies
In the tropics, daily temperature fluctuations can pose physiological challenges for ectothermic organisms, and upper thermal limits may affect foraging activity over the course of the day. Variation in upper thermal limits can occur among and within species, and for social insects such as ants, within colonies. Within colonies, upper thermal limits may differ among individuals or change for an individual throughout the day. Daytime foragers of the Neotropical ant Ectatomma ruidum have higher critical thermal maxima (CTmax) than nocturnal foragers, but whether these differences occur among or within colonies was not previously known. We investigated the potential mechanisms accounting for day/night variation in CTmax of E. ruidum foragers by testing whether CTmax varied among or within colonies or due to individuals within colonies acclimating to changes in temperature over a short time scale (3 h). We found within- but not among-colony differences in CTmax on a diel cycle, and we found no evidence for among- or within-colony partitioning of foraging times by individual workers. Individuals did not acclimate to experimental manipulations of temperature, although additional experiments with more ecologically relevant temperature manipulations are needed to rule out this mechanism. In summary, we have shown that day/night differences in upper thermal limits can occur within ant colonies, but further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanisms driving this variation.
Colony-level mechanisms of thermal tolerance regulation in the ant Ectatomma ruidum
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. Insects spend energy to function in high temperature environments, and because social insects employ a division of labor, it is likely that thermal tolerance varies among individuals in the colony, based on the tasks that they perform.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. Foraging workers of the ant Neotropical ant <i>Ectatomma ruidum </i>are known to show temporal differences in thermal tolerance, with greater tolerance in hot afternoons, relative to cool mornings.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. We developed three hypotheses that can account for temporal differences in thermal tolerance among workers: Thermal Acclimation, Division of Labor, and Circadian Rhythm.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>4. We tested these hypotheses with a pair of experiments that involved the measurement of thermal persistence of ants at a constant temperature in time-to-failure assays. The first experiment compared ants with different behavioral roles in colonies, and the second compared colonies subjected to thermal manipulations, then iteratively sampled at daily thermal maxima and minima.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>5. We found robust support for the Circadian Rhythm and Thermal Acclimation Hypotheses, and little support for the Division of Labor Hypothesis. Colonies of this species integrate multiple mechanisms of adapting to thermal challenges including time of day, ambient temperature, and the behavioral context of individual workers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Day/night upper thermal limits differ within Ectatomma ruidum ant colonies
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Colony-level mechanisms of thermal tolerance regulation in the ant Ectatomma ruidum
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FIGURE 2 in A new social parasite in the ant genus Ectatomma F. S m i t h (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ectatomminae)
FIGURE 2. Morphometric scatterplot of head width by scape length, differentiating gynes of Ectatomma parasiticum and E. tuberculatum. Measurements are in mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new social parasite in the ant genus Ectatomma F. S m i t h (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ectatomminae)
FIGURE 1. Paratype gyne of Ectatomma parasiticum: A, head in full face view; B, lateral view; C, dorsal view.
Fig. 34. Pygidium, posterolateral view. A. Ectatomma opaciventre. B. Cerapachys nitidulus. C. Labidus coecus. D. Technomyrmex albipes. E–F in A phylogenetic analyis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromoprh subfamilies
Fig. 34. Pygidium, posterolateral view. A. Ectatomma opaciventre. B. Cerapachys nitidulus. C. Labidus coecus. D. Technomyrmex albipes. E–F. Tapinoma erraticum (note pilosity directed anterad on angled posttergite); F. pygidium in situ. See text for explanation. Abbreviations: Prt, pretergite of pygidium; Pt, posttergite; Sp, spiracle; VS, sternum of fifth abdominal segment; VIS, sternum of sixth abdominal segment; VIIS, hypopygium; VT, tergum of fifth abdominal segment; VIT, tergum of sixth abdominal segment; VIIT, pygidium.
FIGURE 6 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 6. Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.: A, habitat at edge of Chiquitano forest; B, female with captured moth; C, potential ant model Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908, worker.
FIGURE 3 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 3. Lateral views of Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.: A, holotype male (ZMH-A0015362); B, female allotype (CBF). Scale bars 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 2. Mazax akephaloi sp. nov., dorsal habitus: A, holotype male (ZMH-A0015362); B, female allotype (CBF). Scale bars 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 1. Ecoregion distribution of Mazax akephaloi sp. nov., according to the regionalization by Olson et al. (2001); A, South America; country borders of Bolivia and Paraguay shown; B, ecoregions of M. akephaloi sp. nov.; Bolivia: Santa Cruz department: 1, Santa Cruz de la Colina; 2, La Guardia. Paraguay: 3, Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, Misión Cué, Tribu Nueva; 4, Presidente Hayes department, 25 Laguas; df, dry forest; map produced with QGIS (version 2.14.3, http:// www.qgis.org/en/site).
FIGURE 8 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 8. Mean and standard deviation of morphological measurements (mm) of adult M. akephaloi sp. nov. (M) (n=10) and workers of E. permagnum (n=10): EP, length from anterior margin of pronotum to abdomen tip; EH90, body length with head in position of 90° with respect to body; EHE, body length with fully extended head.
FIGURE 5 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 5. Mazax akephaloi sp. nov., epigyne female allotype (CBF), A, dorsal view; B, ventral view (CO = copulatory opening; CD = copulatory duct; ST = spermatheca; FD = fertilization duct). Scale bar 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 7 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 7. Morphological resemblance between possible ant model and spider mimic: A, C, Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908, worker (head semitransparent because it is not imitated by the spider); B, D, Mazax akephaloi sp. nov. (B, D), male, paratype (CBF); Bu, transversal bulges; P, process; Co, constriction; T, tergites. Scale bar 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae)
FIGURE 4. Mazax akephaloi sp. nov., palp male holotype (ZMH-A0015362), A, C, ventral view; B, D, retrolateral view (Em = embolus, SD = sperm duct). Scale bars 0.1 mm
Figure 1 in Cytogenetic Studies of the Neotropical Ant Genus Ectatomma (Formicidae: Ectatomminae: Ectatommini)
Figure 1: Diploid and haploid karyotypes of four Ectatomma species: a) Ectatomma brunneum, 2n=34;b)Ectatommamuticum,n=20;c)Ectatommapermagnum,2n=46;d)Ectatommatuberculatum, 2n=36. Horizontal bar = 5μm.
Fig. 2 in Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Ectatomma Smith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae)
Fig. 2 Ultrametric tree of Ectatomma ants obtained from BEAST Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis of two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene. Ninety-five per cent highest posterior density divergence time estimates are presented as bars. Numbers on the scale at the foot of the figure represent millions of years. Corresponding geological epochs and their subdivisions are represented with differential
Fig. 3 in Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Ectatomma Smith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae)
Fig. 3 Ancestral area reconstruction results from RASP Bayesian analyses of Ectatomma ants based on biogeographic regions of Morrone (2006). Pie chart colours correspond to the posterior probability frequencies for each node. Letters in parenthesis correspond
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