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19 results for “Eddy-covariance”
ForestAge-Constrained Eddy-Covariance Gridded NEP Product
<p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>This repository holds global spatial estimates of the Net Ecosystem Productivity of forests (NEP), circa 2010, for a grid spacing of 0.5° by 0.5º pixel size. Three different approaches were used to create the maps.</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Model M1 (Regional Age–NEP Relationships Per Biome)</strong>: This model scales site-level NEP observations to a global gridded field using biome-specific NEP-age curves and site-level anomalies. The random forest model (RF1) is trained on forest age, GPP, temperature, and nitrogen deposition, producing NEP anomalies that reflect site-specific deviations from biome-wide trends. Gridded predictor fields of forest age, GPP, temperature (MAT), and nitrogen deposition are used to create 0.5° by 0.5° NEP grids, with uncertainties estimated using an ensemble of 180 members. The data from Model M1 can be investigated from the ForestAge_EC_NEP_M1_v1.0.nc file.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Model M2 (Global Age–NEP Relationship)</strong>: This model uses a random forest algorithm (RF2) to upscale NEP observations but applies a global NEP-age relationship across all sites. It uses the same gridded predictor fields as M1—forest age, GPP, MAT, and nitrogen deposition—but the age–NEP relationship is determined globally. Uncertainty is calculated similarly to M1, using ensembles of model parameters and predictor fields. The data from Model M2 can be investigated from the ForestAge_EC_NEP_M2_v1.0.nc file.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Model M3 (Without Age Consideration)</strong>: This model predicts NEP solely based on GPP, MAT, and nitrogen deposition without accounting for forest age. It follows a similar approach to RF3 models from previous work and uses the same gridded predictors and uncertainty estimation methods as M1 and M2. The data from Model M3 can be investigated from the ForestAge_EC_NEP_M3_v1.0.nc file.</p> </li> </ol> <p>The variation across each model's members can assess the uncertainty in each model, which represents uncertainty caused by input variables and the k-fold cross-validation approach. </p> <p>More details about the methodologies behind the three approaches can be found in Ciais, P., Yao, Y. Besnard, S. et al. (2024) (see reference below).</p> <p><strong>Data structure</strong></p> <p>The datasets are stored in <strong>NetCDF format</strong> with a structure consistent across the different models (M1, M2, M3). Each file contains multiple variables representing components of the Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) estimates, such as the mean NEP and its quantiles. The primary variables are:</p> <ul> <li><strong>NEP_MX_mean</strong>: The mean estimate of NEP for each model (M1, M2, M3), with units of grams of carbon per square meter per year (gC m⁻² year⁻¹).</li> <li><strong>NEP_MX_quantiles</strong>: Estimates of NEP at different quantiles, providing uncertainty ranges. The quantiles represented in the data are: [0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75]<br> <div> </div> </li> <li><strong>Members dimension</strong>: Each model includes a <strong>members</strong> dimension, representing several NEP estimates generated using different ensemble members. These members capture uncertainty from input variables such as GPP, temperature, nitrogen deposition, and forest age. The members dimension provides users with multiple realizations of NEP estimates, reflecting the variability these factors introduce.</li> </ul> <p>Coordinates include latitude and longitude with CRS information (EPSG:4326). Missing data values are represented by <strong>-9999</strong>.</p> <p><strong>Citation</strong></p> <p>When using the maps, please cite the dataset, including the version number and the following paper: Ciais, P., Yao, Y. Besnard, S. et al. (2024) The global carbon balance of forests based on flux towers and forest age data, <em>submitted</em>. </p> <p><strong>Version History</strong></p> <ul> <li>1.0 - Initial version, covering 2010</li> </ul>
Supplementary Dataset for "Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints for Areas Surrounding AmeriFlux Sites"
<p>These datasets are supplementary to the paper "<strong>Representativeness of Eddy-Covariance Flux Footprints for Areas Surrounding AmeriFlux Sites</strong>" by Chu et al. </p> <ul> <li>Dataset S1. Summary of site-specific footprint metrics <ul> <li>filename: All_site_fpt_summary.csv</li> <li>readme: All_site_fpt_summary-README.csv</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dataset S2. All monthly footprint climatology weight maps <ul> <li>filename: monthly_footprint_climatology_weight_map.zip <ul> <li>the zip folder contains individual files of all monthly footprint weight maps</li> <li>filename: <Site-ID>_<Year>_<Month>_<DAY/NIGHT>_fpt_weight.tif</li> </ul> </li> <li>readme: README.txt </li> </ul> </li> <li>Dataset S3. All site-year footprint climatology overlapped with true-color satellite images. <ul> <li>filename: site-year_footprint_climatology_realcolor_map.zip <ul> <li>the zip folder contains individual files of footprint climatologies from all site-years</li> <li>filename: <Site-ID>_<Year>_<Spatial_Extent>_shrink_footprint_climatology.png</li> </ul> </li> <li>readme: README.txt </li> </ul> </li> <li>Dataset S4. Site-specific results and representativeness index based on the land cover type analysis. <ul> <li>filename: All_site_land_cover_dominant_summary2.csv</li> <li>readme:All_site_land_cover_dominant_summary2-README.csv</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dataset S5. Site-specific results and representativeness index based on the EVI analysis. <ul> <li>filename: All_site_Landsat_EVI_fpt_comparison2.csv</li> <li>readme: All_site_Landsat_EVI_fpt_comparison2-README.csv</li> </ul> </li> <li>Dataset S6. All available site-month EVI and time-explicit representativeness. <ul> <li>filename: All_site_Landsat_EVI_all_cutout2.csv</li> <li>readme: All_site_Landsat_EVI_all_cutout2-README.csv</li> </ul> </li> </ul>
Carbon and energy Eddy-covariance fluxes dataset collected at La Guette peatland (23 ha, Loiret, France)
<p>Fluxes and energy data measured by Eddy-covariance on La Guette peatland (ec1). Measurements start on 20-01-2017 and are regularly updated with new data. Data include carbon dioxide fluxes (CO2, µmol/m²/s), methane fluxes (CH4, µmol/m²/s), sensible heat fluxes (H, W/m²), latent heat fluxes (LE, W/m²) and evapotranspiration (ETR, mm/h).</p> <p>Zip file contain :</p> <ul> <li>metadata file (TOUR_en.json) which describe stations, sensors, variables and process</li> <li>csv file contain time series data for all variables by station</li> </ul> <p>Additional information on the measurement can be found in this website : <a href="https://data-snot.cnrs.fr/data-access/">https://data-snot.cnrs.fr/data-access/</a></p> <p>We also recommend to contact sno-tourbieres to talk about data acquisition and use : <a href="mailto:contact.sno-tourbieres@cnrs-orleans.fr">contact.sno-tourbieres@cnrs-orleans.fr</a></p>
Carbon and energy Eddy-covariance fluxes dataset collected at Frasne peatland (192ha, Jura Mountains, France)
<p>luxes and energy data measured by Eddy-covariance at Frasne peatland (ec1). Measurements start on 20-07-2018 and are regularly updated with new data. Data include carbon dioxide fluxes (CO2, µmol/m²/s), methane fluxes (CH4, µmol/m²/s), sensible heat fluxes (H, W/m²), latent heat fluxes (LE, W/m²) and evapotranspiration (ETR, mm/h).</p> <p>Zip file contain :</p> <ul> <li>metadata file (TOUR_en.json) which describe stations, sensors, variables and process</li> <li>csv file contain time series data for all variables by station</li> </ul> <p>Additional information on the measurement can be found in this website : <a href="https://data-snot.cnrs.fr/data-access/">https://data-snot.cnrs.fr/data-access/</a></p> <p>We also recommend to contact sno-tourbieres to talk about data acquisition and use : <a href="mailto:contact.sno-tourbieres@cnrs-orleans.fr">contact.sno-tourbieres@cnrs-orleans.fr</a></p>
Raw Eddy-Covariance data
<p>This dataset contains the raw eddy-covariance data used in the paper "Relaxed eddy accumulation outperforms Monin-Obukhov flux models under non-ideal conditions"</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 2-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 2-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 2-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_2min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 1-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 1-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 1-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_1min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 10-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 10-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 10-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_10min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 3-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 3-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10:<a href="http://https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html"> https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 3-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_3min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 5-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 5-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 5-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_5min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 30-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 30-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 30-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_30min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processin</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p> <p> </p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 15-min statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 15-min statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 15-min statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_15min.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
i-Box (Innsbruck Box) – processed eddy-covariance data: 30-s statistics
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains eddy-covariance data from five i-Box stations in the Austrian Inn Valley, which have been processed to 30-s statistics. The i-Box is a long-term measurement platform, including a small network of eddy-covariance stations in the lower Inn Valley, to study boundary-layer processes in mountainous terrain. More information about the i-Box can be found at <a href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en">https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/research/atmospheric-dynamics/projects/innsbruck-box-i-box.html.en</a> and in Rotach et al. (2017).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Station locations</em></p> <p>The present dataset contains processed data from five i-Box stations located in the Austrian Inn Valley. The Inn Valley is an approximately southwest-northeast oriented valley in the western part of Austria, with a depth of about 2000 m and a width of about 2 km at the valley floor. The locations of the sites are shown in the overview figure i-Box_sites.pdf.</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0 is located at the almost flat valley floor. The site is surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.305°N, 11.622°E, 545 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8 is located at the foot of the north sidewall next to a steep embankment between an agricultural field and a concrete parking lot. (47.326°N, 11.652°E, 575 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1 is located on an almost flat plateau running along the northern valley sidewall. The site is mainly surrounded by grassland and agricultural fields. (47.317°N, 11.616°E, 829 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10 is located on an approximately 10 deg slope on the south sidewall, covered by grassland. (47.300°N, 11.673°E, 930 m MSL)</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27 is located on a steep, grass-covered slope on the south sidewall, with a slope angle of about 25 deg. (47.288°N, 11.631°E, 1009 m MSL)</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about station locations can be found in Rotach et al. (2017) and Lehner et al. (2021).</p> <p><em>Temporal coverage</em></p> <p>The dataset contains processed data between 2014 and 2020. Some instruments were replaced and new instruments were added during this period. Data gaps occur as a result of instrument malfunctions and maintenance.</p> <p><em>Instrumentation</em></p> <p>Each station is equipped with at least one sonic anemometer and a gas analyzer. The instrumentation usually consists of a CSAT3 sonic anemometer (Campbell Scientific, USA) and KH20 Krypton hygrometer (Campbell Scientific) or an EC150 open-path infrared gas analyzer (Campbell Scientific). In 2020, several of the instruments were replaced with an Irgason (Campbell Scientific), which combines an open-path infrared gas analyzer with a sonic anemometer. Pressure, air temperature, and humidity used for calculating flux corrections are measured with Setra 278 sensors (Setra Systems, USA) and Rotronic HC2A-S temperature and humidity probes (Rotronic, Switzerland).</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: CSAT3 and EC150 at 4.0 m, CSAT3 at 8.7 m, CSAT3 and KH20 (until July 2020) or Irgason (since July 2020) at 16.9 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: CSAT3 at 6.1, CSAT3 and KH20 (until September 2020) or Irgason (since September 2020) at 11.2 m</p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 6.8 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: CSAT3 and KH20 (until June 2020) or Irgason (since June 2020) at 5.7 m</p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: CSAT3 at 1.5 (since September 2017), CSAT3 and KH20 (until November 2016) or Irgason (since September 2017) 6.8 m</p> </li> </ul> <p>Further information about the instrumentation can be found in Rotach et al. (2017), Lehner et al. (2021), and in the ACINN database:</p> <ul> <li> <p>VF0: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-kolsass.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF8: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-terfens.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>SF1: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-eggen.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF10: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-weerberg.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>NF27: <a href="https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html">https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/i-box-hochhaeuser.html</a></p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data processing</em></p> <p>Raw 20-Hz data were quality controlled and rotated into a streamline coordinate system using double rotation before block averaging the data to 30-s statistics, without previous filtering. Flux corrections were applied to the turbulence statistics, including a frequency response correction (Aubinet et al. 2012) with spectral models following Moore (1986), Højstrup (1981), and Kaimal et al. (1972); a sonic heat-flux correction of the vertical heat flux and the temperature variance (Schotanus et al. 1983); a WPL correction of the vertical moisture flux (Webb et al. 1980); and an Oxygen correction of the vertical moisture flux for data from Krypton hygrometers (van Dijk et al. 2003).</p> <p>The quality control procedures include the removal of data during periods of instrument malfunction as indicated by the instruments’ quality flags, a despiking, the removal of data points exceeding 30 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the horizontal wind components, 10 m s<sup>-1</sup> for the vertical wind velocity, and 50 g m<sup>3</sup> for water vapor density, and the removal of sonic temperature data outside the range -20 – 40°C. The removed data are replaced with random values drawn from a Gaussian distribution, with its mean and standard deviation calculated over a 30-s data window.</p> <p>Quality flags are based on the criteria described in Stiperski and Rotach (2016):</p> <ul> <li> <p>-1: More than 10% of the raw data within the averaging period are replaced during the quality control.</p> </li> <li> <p>0: More than 90% of the raw data fulfill the quality control criteria.</p> </li> <li> <p>1: In addition to fulfilling the quality control criteria, the skewness is within the range -2–2 and the kurtosis is less than 8.</p> </li> <li> <p>2: In addition to the above criteria, the stationarity test by Foken and Wichura (1996) is below 30% and the uncertainty is less than 50% based on Stiperski and Rotach (2016) and Wyngaard (1973)</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Data files</em></p> <ul> <li> <p>i-Box_sites.pdf contains a map of the i-Box stations.</p> </li> <li> <p>list_variables.pdf contains a list of variable names with a short description.</p> </li> <li> <p>SITENAME_30s.zip contains the processed turbulence statistics, split into yearly files. There is more than one file per year if the instrumentation changed during the year or because of memory restrictions during the processing.</p> </li> </ul> <p><em>Acknowledgments</em></p> <p>Data processing was performed in the framework of the TExSMBL (Turbulent Exchange in the Stable Mountain Boundary Layer) project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) under grant V 791-N. Data were processed on the LEO HPC infrastructure of the University of Innsbruck.</p> <p><em>References</em></p> <p>Aubinet M, Vesala T, D P (eds) (2012) Eddy Covariance. A practical guide to measurements and data analysis. Springer, Dordrecht, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1</p> <p>Højstrup J (1981) A simple model for the adjustment of velocity spectra in unstable conditions downstream of an abrupt change in roughness and heat flux. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 21:341–356, DOI 10.1007/bf00119278</p> <p>Kaimal JC, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Coté OR (1972) Spectral characteristics of surface-layer turbulence. Q J R M Soc 98:563–589, DOI 10.1002/qj.49709841707</p> <p>Lehner M, Rotach MW, Sfyri E, Obleitner F (2021) Spatial and temporal variations in near-surface energy fluxes in an Alpine valley under synoptically undisturbed and clear-sky conditions. Q J R M Soc 147:2173–2196, DOI 10.1002/qj.4016</p> <p>Moore CJ (1986) Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 37:17–35, DOI 10.1007/BF00122754</p> <p>Rotach MW, Stiperski I, Fuhrer O, Goger B, Gohm A, Obleitner F, Rau G, Sfyri E, Vergeiner J (2017) Investigating exchange processes over complex topography—the Innsbruck Box (i-Box). Bull Amer Meteorol Soc 98:787–805, DOI 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00246.1</p> <p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, de Bruijn HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:81–93, DOI 10.1007/BF00164332</p> <p>Stiperski, I. and Rotach, M.W. (2016) On the measurement of turbulence over complex mountainous terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 159, 97–121. DOI 10.1007/s10546-015-0103-z.</p> <p>Van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α hygrometers. J Atmos Ocean Technol 20:143–151, DOI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020¡0143:OSOKAL¿2.0.CO;2</p> <p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, R L (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer. Q J R M Soc 106:85–100, DOI 10.1002/qj.49710644707</p> <p>Wyngaard, J.C. (1973). On surface layer turbulence. In D.A. Haugen (Ed.), Workshop on Micrometeorology, American Meteorological Society, pp. 101–150.</p>
Evapotranspiration data from eddy-covariance flux-tower measurements and Landsat imagery in California’s Sierra Nevada from 1985 to 2019
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Evapotranspiration data of the TERENO sites Graswang and Fendt for 2013 and 2014 measured by eddy-covariance and lysimeters
<p>Further details on this data set can be found in the following papers:</p> <p>Mauder, M., Genzel, S., Fu, J., Kiese, R., Soltani, M., Steinbrecher, R., Kunstmann, H., Zeeman, M., Banerjee, T., Roo, F. De, De Roo, F., Kunstmann, H. and Zeeman, M.: Evaluation of energy balance closure adjustment methods by independent evapotranspiration estimates from lysimeters and hydrological simulations, Hydrol. Process., 32(October), 39–50, doi:10.1002/hyp.11397, 2018.</p> <p>Widmoser, P. and Michel, D.: Partial energy balance closure of eddy covariance evaporation measurements using concurrent lysimeter observations over grassland, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., (July), doi:10.5194/hess-2020-299, 2020.</p>
Resampling code with sample data for: Eddy-covariance with slow-response greenhouse gas analyser on tall towers
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data associated with article "Bulk Transfer Coefficients Estimated from Eddy-Covariance Measurements Over Lakes and Reservoirs" by Guseva et al., 2022
<p>The data includes <strong>(a)</strong> the general information about the lakes and reservoirs under study (e.g., lake surface area, lake mean and maximum depth); <strong>(b)</strong> the publications and data repository references for each individual lake or reservoir where we took the original datasets from (for details, see the article); <strong>(c)</strong> the number of data points (for the estimated bulk transfer coefficients) and filters applied to each dataset. ('<em>Table_Data_Bulk_Transfer_Coeff.docx</em>')</p> <p>In addition, we attach the derived quantities for each lake and reservoir that we analyzed in our manuscript: the neutral bulk transfer coefficients of <strong>(a)</strong> momentum (the drag coefficient); <strong>(b)</strong> heat (the Stanton number); <strong>(c)</strong> water vapor (the Dalton number). ('<em>Data_Bulk_Transfer_Coeff.xlsx</em>')</p> <p><strong><em>Update 22.11.2022</em></strong>: After the first round of revisions we upload the new version of the data since we had to recalculate the transfer coefficients. <strong>(1)</strong> We added the median values of the transfer coefficients; <strong>(2)</strong> we added the transfer coefficients accounting for gustiness. ('<em>Data_Bulk_Transfer_Coeff.xlsx</em>')</p>
Response of ecosystem productivity to high vapor pressure deficit and low soil moisture: lessons learned from the global eddy-covariance observations
<p>The generated datasets for conducting the analysis are available from the dataset of the FLUXNET2015 Tier one (https://fluxnet.org/data/download-data/), the AmeriFlux ONEFlux (https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/data/download-data/), and the ICOS Drought-2018 (https://www.icos-cp.eu/data-products/YVR0-4898). The FLUXNET2015 Tier one, the AmeriFlux, and the ICOS are all licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY-4.0) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>).</p>
Measured wave, eddy-covariance and energy budget data
<p>Measurement data of wave, eddy-covariance and energy budget in Lake Balaton, Hungary</p> <p>May - Oct 2019</p>
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