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Figure 7 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 7. Conopeum ongleyi (Brown, 1952): (a), holotype, NHMUK D.36532, Petane, Hawke's Bay, Pleistocene; (b, c, e), NIWA 134507, White Rock Road, Wairarapa; D, NIWA 132867, White Rock Road, Wairarapa, New Zealand. (a–c), Autozooids showing granular cryptocyst, numerous small spine bases with a larger distolateral pair, and smooth proximal gymnocyst. D, Distal ends of three tilted autozooids, showing buttresses on transverse wall. E, Inner face of autozooid tilted laterally to show steeply sloping granular cryptocyst slightly overhanging lateral wall. Scalebars: (a–d), 200 μm; E, 100 μm.

Figure 6. Conopeum oretiensis, 1951 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 6. Conopeum oretiensis, 1951: (a, b), MITS 28211, Manukau Harbour, Auckland; (c), NIWA 132866, Oreti Beach, Southland, New Zealand. (a, b), Bipolar colony astogeny from ancestrula. (c), Etched traces in shell substratum from previously present autozooids. Scalebars: (a), 500 μm; (b, c), 200 μm.

Figure 5. Conopeum oretiensis Uttley, 1951 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 5. Conopeum oretiensis Uttley, 1951: (a), NIWA 92728, Waiinu Beach, Wanganui; (b), MITS 28211, Manukau Harbour, Auckland; (c), unregistered specimen, no longer extant, Napier; (d), NIWA 132866, Oreti Beach, Southland, New Zealand. (a), Autozooids, each with small spine bases, mostly distolateral, and large midproximal spine base; note extent of proximal gymnocyst. (b), Autozooids with periopesial spines intact and adventitious kenozooids. (c), Autozooids, showing some spine bases and numerous adventitious kenozooids; autozooid cystid at middle right with reparative kenozooid inside its cystid. (d), Autozooid with interzooidal margins and gymnocyst completely concealed by kenozooids. Scalebars: (a–c), 300 μm; (d), 200 μm.

Figure 4 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 4. Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928): (a, c), NIWA 98946, Whanganui Inlet, South Island, New Zealand; (b), NIWA 134508, Piombino, Tuscany, Italy. (a), Autozooids showing the peripheral cryptocystal groove, and a small kenozooid. (b), Lateral view of the cryptocystal rim of an autozooid, showing part of the peripheral grove, granules, minute pores (in the groove and lateral interior wall, and multiporous septula). (c), Lateral view of an autozooid and its proximal neighbour with mural septula. Scalebars: (a, c), 200 μm; (b), 100 μm.

Figure 3 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 3. (a–e). Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928): A, B, NHMUK 2020.1.3.1, Wadi Bezirk, Tunisia; (c–e), MNHN, Paris, A66832, Wadi Abid, Tunisia. (a), Autozooids and kenozooids of unbleached specimen. (b), Distal end of autozooid showing cryptocystal groove, cryptocystal granules and acicular spinules on transverse interior wall. (c), Specimen of Nitscheina spiculata [= C. seurati]. (d, e), Unbleached autozooids of zooids from (c), showing, respectively, distolateral spines and a kenozooid. Scalebars: (a, d), 500 μm; (b), 100 μm; (e), 200 μm.

Figure 1 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 1. (a–d). Conopeum antipodum n. sp.: NIWA 98813, Te Whanga Lagoon, Chatham Island, New Zealand. (a), Autozooids with membranous frontal walls and opercula in situ. (b), Autozooids with stout distolateral spines. (c), Post-ancestrular autozooids with stout distolateral spines and smaller lateral spines. (d), Ancestrula and daughter zooids. Arrows in (c) and (d) indicate communication-pore areas in lateral walls. Scalebars: All 200 μm.

Figure 2 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 2. (a–e). Conopeum antipodum n. sp.: (a, b), NIWA 98813, Te Whanga Lagoon, Chatham Island; (c, e), NIWA 16174, Kaipara Harbour; (d), NIWA 98824, Waitemata Harbour, Auckland, New Zealand. (a), Inner face of operculum showing the form of the marginal sclerite. (b), Two kenozooids flanking a repaired autozooid. (c), Lateral view of an autozooid with mural septula and stumpy spine bases on each side midlaterally. Arrows indicate raised distal zooid rims in profile. (d), Distal end on an autozooid showing a dense pore cluster in the transverse wall and (arrowed), inner (left) and outer (right) multiporous mural septula. (e), Close-up of the interior face of a multiporous mural septulum. Scalebars: (a, d), 50 μm; (b), 200 μm; (c), 100 μm; (e), 20 μm.

FIGURES 5–8. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 5–8. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp. from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, Paratype PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008b, zooidal characters: 5, group of zooids from a fan-shaped lobe with the typical budding pattern; 6, close-up of a zooid to show the extensive spinous gymnocyst and the two diagnostic regularly bifurcating spines lateral to the group of aligned pointed spines along the proximal border of the opesium; 7, inclined view to show the length of the gymnocystal spines and the branching spines overarching the opesium. Note the absence of budding loci along the edge of the branch; 8, multiporous septula at the distal-lateral corner of a zooid. Scale bars: 5, 7, 0.200 mm; 6, 0.100 mm; 8, 0.020 mm.

FIGURES 26–35 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 26–35. Arbocuspis multicornis (Hincks, 1881), PMC. Rosso Australia Collection, H.B.73 a: 26, stellate colony consisting of four lobes diverging from a damaged ancestrula. Note as the top-right branch grows in opposite direction (enlarged in 27) from a bud along a previous lobe; 28–29, group of zooids from the same colony seen from the above (28) and inclined (29) to show the bending of the three branching spines originating proximally to the edge of the opesium and the length of the gymnocystal spines frontally projecting from both lateral sides of the opercula; 30–32, large fan-shaped lobe of a second colony in which only few zooids near the growing edge have three spines (30) whereas large plagues of aged zooids (enlarged in 31 and 32) show four or five branched spines forming a nearly continuous, paisley designed, roof over the frontal membrane; 33, close-up of the lateral edge of a colony branch, showing an abutting zooid only consisting of an incomplete gymnocystal portion distally closed by a membrane. Note some budding loci along marginal zooidal walls; 34–35, general view (34) and detail (35) of the sole observed giant ancestrula from a third colony, including a very extensive bulging flat sac bordered by an unknown number of spines, from which two zooids originate, smaller than the subsequent ones. Scale bars: 22, 1 mm; 23, 0.100 mm; 24–25, 28, 30, 33, 0.200 mm; 26–27, 32, 0.500 mm; 29, 31, 34-35, 0.100 mm.

FIGURES 22–25 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 22–25. Arbocuspis bicornis (Hincks, 1881), type material from Ceylon, NHMUK 1899.5.1.691, photos: msj 05422, 05423, 05424, and 05425, courtesy of the Natural History Museum of London. 22, A colony encrusting an algal frond. 23, Detail of the same colony showing zooids with prominent proximal gymnocystal spines located between the two paired lateral poorly branched spines. 24–25, Details of 22, at different scales to show young zooids from the colony margin with lightly calcified gymnocyst and spines, and narrow, coarsely beaded cryptocyst. Scale bars: 22, 0.200 mm; 23, 24, 25, 0.100 mm.12).

FIGURE 1 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURE 1. Map showing the spatial distribution of all species presently attributed to Arbocuspis Nikulina, 2010. The position of Equator and Tropics is indicated. Open circles, Arbocuspis bellula (Hincks, 1881); Open circles with lateral black dot, Arbocuspis bellula (Hincks, 1881) sensu lato; Diamonds, Arbocuspis bicornis (Hincks, 1881); Solid circles, Arbocuspis multicornis (Hincks, 1881); Triangles, Arbocuspis ramosa (Osburn, 1940); Star, Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp.; Inverted triangle Arbocuspis sp. cf. A. multicornis sensu Bock (2016) [1, Hincks (1881)], [2, Haswell (1881)], [3, Hastings (1930)], [4, Marcus (1937; 1941)], [5, Osburn (1940)], [6, Lagaaij (1963)], [7, Winston (1982)], [8, Cook (1985)], [9, Hayward & Ryland (1995)]; [10, Gordon et al. (2007)], [11, Gordon 2016], [12, Vieira et al. (2016)], [13, Bock (2016)], and [14, this study].

FIGURES 14–21. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 14–21. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp., from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, kenozooids: 14–16, Holotype PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008a, 14–15, two branches showing different pattern in the formation of longitudinal rows of kenozoois to regulate branch thickness; 16, close-up of the colony showing aligned kenozooids halting the distal growth of a lobe; except for a single zooid giving rise to a new branch; 17–21, Paratype, PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008c, encounter between branches of a partly damaged colony. Note the irregularly shaped kenozooid (enlarged in Fig. 18), the row of kenozooids (enlarged in Fig. 19), the evidences of reparative calcification; 18, irregularly shaped kenozooid with long caudae (one long and curve, white arrowed) connecting surviving zooids from adjacent sectors locating their septulae. Note iterative intramural budding (black arrowed); 19, large fully developed kenozooids halting the growth of a branch; 20–21, general view (20) and enlargement (21) of large lateral (black arrowed) and small frontal kenozoids (white arrowed) elongated on zooidal edges. Scale bars: 14, 16–19, 21, 0.200 mm; 15, 20, 0.500 mm.

FIGURES 2–4. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 2–4. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp. from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, Holotype, PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008a, colony morphology: 2, one of the largest lobes, whose growth is regulated by the insertion of kenozooids terminal to most zooidal rows (black arrow). New thin lobes start from few zooids (white arrowed); 3, lobe of a 'regenerated' colony with the typical budding pattern leading to the formation of transversal zooidal rows. 4, a colony portion starting from a uniserial chain of zooids showing a trifurcation with formation of a main central lobe, and secondary lateral lobes from single diverging zooids, one possibly abutting (arrowed); Scale bars: 2, 1 mm; 3–4, 0.500 mm.

FIGURES 36–38 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 36–38. Arbocuspis multicornis (Hincks, 1881), Holotype from an unknown Australian locality, NHMUK 1899.5.1.690, photos: msj 05442, 05445 and 05444, courtesy of the Natural History Museum of London. 36. A large multiserial lobe of the colony. 37. Lateral view of some zooids to show the branching spines arching on the opesia and the prominent gymnocystal spines. 38. Frontal view of some zooids with three but also only two branching spines. Scale bars: 36, 0.500 mm; 37, 0.200 mm; 38, 0.100 mm.

FIGURES 9–13. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 9–13. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp., from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, lateral and reparative budding: 9–10, Holotype PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008a, general view and detail of the formation of a lateral branch from a single marginal zooid. Note the long rectangular kenozooid flanking the first zooid of the new branch (arrowed in Fig. 9); 11 –13, Paratype, PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008c, damaged colony portion with reparative budding (arrowed) from exposed lateral walls of broken zooids, opposite and orthogonal to previous colony growth directions, enlarged in 12 and 13, respectively. Scale bars: 9–10, 12, 0.200 mm; 11, 0.500 mm; 13, 0.100 mm.

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Figure 8 in The bryozoan genus Conopeum (Electridae) in New Zealand, with description of a new species and discussion of the morphological and genetic characters of Conopeum seurati (Canu, 1928)

Figure 8. Maximum-likelihood phylogram based on 18SrDNA sequences of Conopeum and related taxa. Support is shown as alrt/bootstrap values above the branch, and Bayesian PP values below. Support values are shown only if two methods exceed the following cutoffs: alrt, 0.9; bootstrap 0.8 and PP 0.9. The new Zealand taxon is shown in bold.