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Fig. 3 in A standardised faecal collection protocol for intestinal helminth egg counts in Asian elephants, Elephas maximus

Fig. 3. Pairwise comparisons of faecal egg counts (in EPG) for samples taken from different faecal boluses produced in one defecation event of (a) first and middle boluses, (b) first and last boluses, (c) middle and last boluses, all with 95% confidence intervals. For each of (a‾c) 40 samples collected from 20 elephants. Data collected for one elephant not shown, with one extreme data point removed in each of a‾c, to allow for better presentation of plots.

Fig. 2 in A standardised faecal collection protocol for intestinal helminth egg counts in Asian elephants, Elephas maximus

Fig. 2. Regression of the faecal egg counts (in EPG) for samples taken of the centre and edge of a single faecal bolus with 95% confidence intervals, 474 samples collected from 119 elephants.

Fig. 1 in A standardised faecal collection protocol for intestinal helminth egg counts in Asian elephants, Elephas maximus

Fig. 1. Averaged helminth egg counts for every elephant host sampled for each experiment; investigating egg distribution within (a) an individual bolus (centre and edge samples), 474 samples from 119 elephants and (b) multiple boluses (centre and edge samples from different boluses), 120 samples from 20 elephants, (c) when determining optimal sampling time, 94 samples from 47 elephants, and (d) if storage methods had any impact on egg recovery during faecal egg counts (FEC), 132 samples from 33 elephants. Helminth eggs were always aggregated within host elephants, with few hosts having substantial parasite burdens (in excess of 200 EPG) and the majority having none or insubstantial levels of infection.

Fig. 4 in A standardised faecal collection protocol for intestinal helminth egg counts in Asian elephants, Elephas maximus

Fig. 4. Faecal egg counts (in EPG) were significantly decreased in samples which had been stored in 10% formalin or 10% formol saline in comparison to subsamples collected at the same time but analysed as fresh, without storage in fixative solution. This figure is based on 132 samples collected from 33 elephants, with data lying between the first and third quartiles as represented by the top and bottom horizontal lines of the boxplot. The data range is shown by the vertical black lines, with the median of each dataset represented by the middle horizontal line within each boxplot and with any outliers shown as points.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Fig. 3 in Food preference of the Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) in North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, and its conservation implications

Fig. 3. The OPLS score plot (a) showing the correlation between 1H NMR data and Bornean elephant predictive food preference level. The loading coefficient plot (b) showing the signals that are positively (on the positive y-axis) and negatively (negative y-axis) correlated to the preference prediction [C = Calamus sp., DC = Donax canniformis, EG = Elaeis guineensis, E = Etlingera sp., MB = Musa borneensis, SS = Saccharum spontaneum, BO = Bambusa oldhamii, SO = Saccharum officinarum, CN = Cocos nucifera, AH = Artocarpus heterophyllus, L = Licuala sp., CM = Caryota mitis, AP = Arenga pinanga].

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in Food preference of the Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) in North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, and its conservation implications

Fig. 2. The orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) score plot (a) showing separation of nutritional values among the samples [C = Calamus sp., Dc = Donax canniformis, Eg = Elaeis guineensis, E = Etlingera sp., Mb = Musa borneensis, Ss = Saccharum spontaneum, Bo = Bambusa oldhamii, So = Saccharum officinarum, Cn = Cocos nucifera, Ah = Artocarpus heterophyllus, L = Licuala sp., Cm = Caryota mitis, Ap = Arenga pinanga] The response-related profile (b) showing signals that are positively and negatively correlated to the preference prediction [NDF = Neutral detergent fibre, ADF = Acid detergent fibre, HC = Hemicellulose, ADL = Acid detergent lignin, CP = Crude protein, P = Phosphorus, K = Potassium, Ca = Calcium, Mg = Magnesium, Na = Sodium].

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Food preference of the Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) in North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, and its conservation implications

Fig. 1. Map of the study area showing transects containing feeding signs of Bornean elephant in the study area in Tulin Onsoi Sub-district, North Kalimantan Province (after Suba et al., 2018).

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Age estimation of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) based on DNA methylation: An exploratory analysis using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM)

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publicNov 2023View details →

zenodo36/100

Behavioural Impact of Enclosure Relocation on Asiatic Elephants (Elephas maximus) in Artis Royal Zoo, Amsterdam.

It can have negative consequences when the standards of well-being of animal are not met in a captive environment. The main priority of this study was to determine whether a more enriched enclosure could reduce stereotypic behaviour and increase natural behaviours in captive Asiatic elephants, and thus increase well-being. In order to answer this question the Asiatic elephants in Artis Royal Zoo were studied. Artis Royal Zoo had built a new enclosure to improve the well-being of their elephants. Activity budgets of the three elephants of both the new and old enclosure were studied. Observation was done over a period of three months ,between April 2017 and July 2017 for a total of 26 days. Only Thong-Thai, mother of Yindee and Sanuk, exhibited stereotypic behaviour. There was a significant difference found between the stereotypic behaviour averages per enclosure when consume/forage behaviour and enclosures were included in the model. Both Thong-Thai and Yindee reduced their consume/foraging behaviour when relocated. All three elephants increased in walking behaviour when relocated with a maximum difference exhibited by Yindee. Only Yindee increased in enrichment use behaviour. Also, like Rees (2009), a negative correlation was found between stereotypic behaviour and consume/foraging behaviour in both enclosures. The behavioural data can only give an indication of improved well-being and we may not have seen extreme positive signs yet but we can say that the new enclosure provides a more abundant set of options to the elephants. These extra options remove mental and physical barriers and stimulate the animal to exhibit natural behaviour which can only be a good thing (McPhee & Carlstead, 2010).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Visual feedback influences the consistency of the locomotor pattern in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)

Elephants are atypical of most quadrupeds in that they maintain the same lateral sequence footfall pattern across all locomotor speeds. It has been speculated that the preservation of the footfall patterns is necessary to maintain a statically stable support polygon. This should be a particularly important constraint in large, relatively slow animals. This suggests that elephants must rely on available sensory feedback mechanisms to actively control their massive pillar-like limbs for proper foot placement and sequencing. How the nervous system of elephants integrates the available sensory information for a stable gait is unknown. Here we explored the role that visual feedback plays in the control of the locomotor pattern in elephants. Four Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) walked with and without a blindfold as we measured their stride time intervals. Coefficient of variation was used to assess changes in the overall variability of the stride time intervals, while approximate entropy was used to measure the stride-to-stride consistency of the time intervals. We show that visual feedback plays a role in the stride-to-stride consistency of the locomotor pattern in elephants. These results demonstrate that elephants likely use visual feedback to correct and maintain proper sequencing of the limbs during locomotion.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Data for: Beyond Protected Areas: The importance of mixed-use landscapes for the conservation of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus)

Elephants were once widely distributed across the Indonesian island of Sumatra but now exist in small, isolated populations. Using the best data currently available on elephant occurrence, we mapped suitable habitat for elephants on Sumatra (Elephas maximus sumatranus). We used direct sightings and indirect observations of elephant signs, as well as six remotely-sensed proxies of surface ruggedness, vegetation productivity and structure, and human land use and disturbance, to model habitat suitability in a Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment. We validated the habitat suitability prediction using an independent geolocation dataset collected from global positioning system (GPS) collars fitted on elephants, and also assessed the functional connectivity between known elephant population ranges by deriving a resistance surface for Circuitscape from this prediction. Thirty-two percent (135,646 km2) of Sumatra's land area was predicted to be suitable habitat, with 43 patches of suitable habitat located across Sumatra. Areas with high connectivity were concentrated in the Riau and North Sumatra provinces. Though our analysis highlights the need to improve the quality of data collected on Sumatran elephants, it suggests that more suitable habitat remains on Sumatra than is used by known populations. Targeted habitat conservation, especially of the suitable habitat in and by the Lamno, Balai Raja, Tesso Tenggara, Tesso Utara, Bukit Tigapuluh, Seblat, Padang Sugihan, and Bukit Barisan Selatan ranges, may improve the long-term viability of the critically endangered species.

publicSep 2023View details →

Data for: Beyond Protected Areas: The importance of mixed-use landscapes for the conservation of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus)

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