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FIGURES 70–86 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 70–86: Encyonopsis difficilis, São Paulo populations. Light and scanning electron micrographs. 70–80. LM views showing variation in size and valve outline. 81. SEM external view of entire valve showing the raphe and striae structure. 82. SEM internal view of entire valve. Note the shortened striae continuing around the apex. 83–84, 86. SEM internal detail of valve apex with helictoglossa. 85. SEM internal view of central area. Note the intermission. LM scale bar = 10 μm (in Figs 70–80).

FIGURE 87 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 87. Nonparametric multidimensional scaling plot of normalized coordinates for the morphological landmarks digitized on LM images of selected populations of Encyonospsis. Confidence ellipses (α = 0.95) shown.

FIGURES 36–54. Encyonopsis sanctipaulensis. 36–40 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 36–54. Encyonopsis sanctipaulensis. 36–40. LM views showing variation in size and valve outline of the Ribeirão do Campo Reservoir population. 41–54. Type material of Encyonopsis sanctipaulensis. All pictures taken from the holotype population (SP401589). Light and scanning electron micrographs. 41–50. LM views showing variation in size and valve outline. 51. SEM external view of areolae and central area. 52. SEM external view of entire valve showing the raphe and striae structure. 53. SEM internal view of central area. Note the intermissio. 54. SEM internal detail of valve apex with helictoglossa. LM scale bar = 10 μm (in Figs 36–50).

FIGURES 55–69 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 55–69. Type material of Encyonopsis linensis. Light and scanning electron micrographs. All pictures taken from the holotype population (SP355776). 55–65. LM views showing variation in size and valve outline. 66–67. SEM external view of entire valve showing the raphe and striae structure. 68. SEM external view of central area. Note the elongate foramina appearing as narrow slits and varied slits. 69. SEM internal view detail of areolae and central area with intermissio. LM scale bar = 10 μm (in Figs 55–65).

FIGURES 3–19 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 3–19. Type material of Encyonopsis schubartii. Light and scanning electron micrographs. All pictures taken from the holotype population (AM989). 3–12. LM views showing variation in size and valve outline. 13–15. SEM external views of entire valve showing the raphe and striae structure. 16. SEM external view of girdle bands. Note the line of small pores. 17–18. SEM internal detail of areolae and raphe. Note the areolae with struts providing structural support to the foramen. 17. SEM internal detail of valve apex with helictoglossa. 18. SEM internal detail of central area with intermissio. 19. SEM internal detail of the intermissio with small pores. LM scale bar = 10 μm (in Figs 3–12).

FIGURES 20–35 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURES 20–35. Encyonopsis schubartii, São Paulo populations. Light and scanning electron micrographs. 20–30. LM views showing variation in size and valve outline. 31–33. SEM external views of entire valve showing the raphe and striae structure. 34. SEM internal view of entire valve showing the raphe and striae structure. 35. SEM internal detail of areolae and central area with intermissio. Note the intermissio with small pores. LM scale bar = 10 μm (in Figs 20–30).

FIGURE 2 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Position of the 20 landmarks (1–10, 15–24) and 4 semi-landmarks (11–14) on the valve outline used to perform the geometric morphometric analysis. Scale bar = 10 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Type analysis of Cymbella schubartii and two new Encyonopsis species (Bacillariophyceae) from southeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Sampling sites located in São Paulo State (Parana River basin) with the location of Encyonopsis schubartii type material and the species complex.

FIGURE 533 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 533. NMDS biplot of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix of untransformed relative abundance of Encyonopsis in lake periphyton samples. Inset is a plot of lakes with significant environmental factors (p<0.05) fitted a posteriori, including true colour (TC), chlorophyll a (chla), total phosphorus (TP), total oxidised nitrogen (TON), silica (Si), total ammonia (NH4), conductivity (cond), alkalinity (alk) and pH. Main plot shows the location of Encyonopsis species added as weighted averages of site scores with surface contour plots for TP (red curves) and Alkalinity (blue curves) gradients fitted a posteriori.

FIGURE 530 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 530. Box plots of the distribution of valve characters measured with SEM for Encyonopsis. Only diatom frustules having data for all measured characters is plotted. Boxes represent the 25–75% quartiles (excluding outliers) with the median shown as a horizontal bold line. Whiskers represent the upper and lower data points less than 1.5 times the box height and outliers are individual points outside the whiskers. A. Boxplot comparing the distribution of valve length data. B. Comparison of valve width. C. Comparison of valve length to breadth ratio. D. Comparison of ventral stria density. All data are measured using populations of Encyonopsis from Ireland unless otherwise stated. E. neerlandica (ENER), E. carraensis (ECAR), E. subminuta (ESUB), E. krammeri (EKRA), E. krammeri capitate form in E. alpina type material (EKRA-alp), E. tavirana type material (ETAV-typ), E. aff. tavirana Irish populations (ETAV-IE), Encyonopsis sp. 1 (ESP1), E. alpina type material (EALP-typ), E. alpina Irish populations (EALP-IE), E. minuta (EMIN), Encyonopsis sp. 2 (ESP2), E. horticola (EHRT), E. hibernica (EHIB), Encyonopsis sp. 3 (ESP3).

FIGURES 449–480. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 449–472 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 449–480. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 449–472. LM. Figs 449–454. Valves illustrating the dorsiventral form and narrow rostrate poles for the most commonly encountered form. Figs 455–460. A population with more protracted subcapitate poles. Figs 461–472. A more lanceolate form corresponding to E. angusta Krammer & Lange-Bertalot with more clearly capitate rounded ends. Figs 473–480. SEM. Figs 473–478. External view of frustules with differing outline and apices but with equivalent ultrastructural morphology. Figs 479–480. Internal view with thickened silica between helictoglossa and end of apices. Scale bar in Fig. 472 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 417–448. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 417–448 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 417–448. Encyonopsis krammeri Reichardt. Figs 417–448. LM. Figs 417–440. Valves showing morphological range and size reduction series in Irish lakes. Figs 441–448. SEM. Figs 441 & 443–446. External view. Figs 442 & 447. Internal view. Fig. 448 Girdle view. Scale bar in Fig. 440 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 397–404 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 397–404. Encyonopsis horticola Van de Vijver & Compère Figs 397–402. LM. Figs 397–402. Valves showing morphological range of a single population in L. Gur, Co. Limerick. Figs 403–404. SEM. Fig 403. External view. Fig. 404. Internal view. Scale bar in Fig. 402 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 353–396 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 353–396. Encyonopsis sp. 2 aff. minuta Figs 353–385. LM. Figs 353–385. Valves showing morphological range and size reduction in populations. Figs 386–396. SEM. Figs 386–395. External valve view with narrow rostrate apices. Fig 396. Internal view lacking a clear intermission at central area. Scale bar in Fig. 385 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 320–352. Encyonopsis minuta Krammer & Reichardt Figs 320–345 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 320–352. Encyonopsis minuta Krammer & Reichardt Figs 320–345. LM. Figs 320–345. Illustrating morphology of populations with a size reduction series. Figs 346–352. SEM. Figs 346–350. External view with valves maintaining bluntly rounded poles. Figs 351– 352. Internal view showing distinctive intermissio at central area. Scale bar in Fig. 345 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 511–529. Encyonopsis subminuta agg. Figs 511–522 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 511–529. Encyonopsis subminuta agg. Figs 511–522. Valves showing morphological range and size variation in populations from Irish lakes. Figs 523–529. SEM. Figs 523–527. External and internal view of Encyonopsis subminuta Krammer & Reichardt. Fig. 528–529. Internal and external of E. aff. subminuta. Scale bar in Fig. 522 = 10 μm for LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURE 532 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURE 532. Scatter plots of the distribution of Encyonopsis taxa in relation to A. Total phosphorus (TP) and B. Alkalinity. Vertical lines indicate the location of optima derived from weighted averages of species occurrences for TP (red) and alkalinity (blue). Taxon codes correspond to Fig. 530, with All (ENCY All) and Unidentified (ENCY unid.) Encyonopsis categories illustrated for comparison.

FIGURES 201–245. Encyonopsis aff. tavirana. Figs 201–236 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 201–245. Encyonopsis aff. tavirana. Figs 201–236. LM. Figs 201–236. Valves showing morphological variability for a size diminution series. Figs 237–245. SEM. Figs 237 & 239–243. External view. Figs 238 & 244–245. Internal view. Scale bar in Fig. 236 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 246–287 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 246–287. Encyonopsis sp. 1 Figs 246–287. LM. Figs 246–281. Valves showing morphological range and size variation in populations. Figs 282–287. SEM. Figs 282–285. External view. Figs 286–287. Internal view. Scale bar in Fig. 257 = 10 μm for all LM figures. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.

FIGURES 178–200 in Taxonomy, ecology and analysis of type material of some small Encyonopsis with description of new species in Ireland

FIGURES 178–200. Encyonopsis tavirana Krammer Typus: Prap. 517B IOK. Figs 178–192. LM. Figs 178–192. Valves showing range of morphological variability and variation in type population. Figs 193–200. SEM. Fig. 193. External view. Fig. 194. Internal view. Figs 195–199. SEM showing variation in outline and apices in type population. Fig. 200. Close up of valve at pole showing form of distal raphe ending and shape of areolae. Scale bar in Fig. 189 = 10 μm for LM figs 178–189 and in Fig. 192 = 10 μm for LM figs 190–192. Scale bar in all SEM micrographs = 1 μm.