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19 results for “Enhydra”
SBC LTER: Reef: Sightings of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) near Santa Barbara and Channel Islands, ongoing since 2007
These data describe the number, location and activity or behavior of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) individuals observed along the Santa Barbara Coast and local Channel Islands, during SBC LTER field sampling. Observations began in 2007. Records are collected regularly at SBC core sites and opportunistically while research staff are underway or travelling between sites. Locations are included, but some latitudes and longitudes are approximate.
Data from: Tool use increases mechanical foraging success and tooth health in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
<p>Although it is well documented that tool use can enable the utilization of novel resources, the fitness benefits associated with this innovative behavior are difficult to test. Using longitudinal data from 196 radio-tagged southern sea otters, we found that individuals, particularly females, with frequent tool use gained access to harder, larger prey items. In turn, the mechanical advantages of tool use during food processing translated to reduced tooth damage in tool users. We also found that tool use diminishes trade-offs between access to different prey types, tooth health, and caloric intake that are highly dependent on the relative availability of prey in the environment. Overall, tool use allows individuals to maintain caloric requirements through the processing of alternative prey that are otherwise inaccessible without the use of tools, indicating that this innovative behavior is a necessity for the survival of southern sea otters in environments with depleted preferred prey.</p>
Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization and prevalence of Halarachne halichoeri in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 1. (A) Scanning electron microscopy of adult Halarachne halichoeri showing opisthosoma (abdomen) with slight constriction only at the anterior end and dorsal shield broader posteriorly than anteriorly with linguiform caudal tip. (B) Scanning electron microscopy of larvae Halarachne halichoeri with postanal setae (bristles) longer than adanal setae.
Fig. 1 in Pathology and epidemiology of nasopulmonary acariasis (Halarachne sp.) in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 1. Nasopulmonary acariasis in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). A. A single hexapod larval nasal mite (Halarachne sp.) has wandered out of the nose and is present on the planum nasale (arrow). This highly motile infectious larval stage is most common in the nares and rostral turbinates of the upper respiratory tract (Bar = 6 mm). Inset: Rhinoscopic view of a mass of hexapod larval mites (Halarachne sp.) crawling on the nasal turbinates of a sedated, live, captive sea otter (Bar = 2.5 mm). Image courtesy of Dr Michael Murray, Monterey Bay Aquarium. B. The larger, elongated (cigar-shaped) Halarachne sp. adults typically aggregate in the nasopharynx, but can also be found in the oropharynx, trachea and bronchi. Adult mites can become very densely packed in the nasopharynx, as shown here (Bar = 3 mm). C. The planum nasale was removed during necropsy, exposing the nasal cartilage and turbinate bones. As refrigerated carcasses warm up, larval mites often exit the nasal cavity and are readily apparent (arrows). This is a moderate infestation. Note the symmetry of the nasal cartilage and underlying turbinates (Bar = 12 mm). D. Severe larval mite infestation in a captive sea otter with chronic or recurrent nasopulmonary mite infestation, demonstrating marked asymmetry of the nasal cartilage and underlying turbinates. Severe, diffuse mucosal inflammation and turbinate osteolysis were confirmed on histopathology (Bar = 12 mm). E. Sea otter with a heavy intensity of adult Halarachne sp. attached to the dorsal soft palate in the nasopharynx, and throughout the larynx. Marked, diffuse mucosal erythema is spatially-associated with areas of mite attachment. Preliminary findings from bacterial culture and histopathology suggest that opportunistic bacterial pathogens, such as beta hemolytic streptococci, are often associated with these regions of mite infestation and respiratory mucosal erythema (Bar = 8 mm).
Fig. 2 in Molecular and morphological confirmation of Profilicollis altmani as the cause of acanthocephalan peritonitis in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny generated from the concatenation of sequences of loci B, C, D. Species analyzed include: Adineta vaga, Profilicollis altmani (sample haplotype 1 and GenBank (gb)), Profilicollis botulus/Profilicollis major (sample haplotypes 1 and 2), Polymorphus minutus, and Corynosoma enhydri. Branch lengths are scaled to phylogenetic distance and nodes are labeled with bootstrap support values (n = 100 replicates).
Fig. 1 in Molecular and morphological confirmation of Profilicollis altmani as the cause of acanthocephalan peritonitis in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 1. Four acanthocephalan morphotypes and their prior identities observed in necropsied sea otters. (A) Corynosoma enhydri adult, (B) Profilicollis altmani, (C) Profilicollis kenti, (D) Profilicollis major. Modified from Hennessy (1972).
Fig. 3 in Molecular and morphological confirmation of Profilicollis altmani as the cause of acanthocephalan peritonitis in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny generated from the concatenation of sequences of loci B and D. Species analyzed include: Adineta vaga, Profilicollis botulus/Profilicollis major (sample haplotypes 1 and 2 and GenBank (gb)), Polymorphus obtusus, Polymorphus minutus, Polymorphus trochus, Corynosoma enhydri, Polymorphus brevis, Profilicollis bullocki, and Profilicollis altmani (sample haplotype 1 and GenBank). Branch lengths are scaled to phylogenetic distance and nodes are labeled with bootstrap support values (n = 100 replicates).
Data from: Tool use increases mechanical foraging success and tooth health in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
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Archaeological mitogenomes illuminate the historical ecology of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and the viability of reintroduction
<p class="CxSpFirst">Genetic analyses are an important contribution to wildlife reintroductions, particularly in the modern context of extirpations and ecological destruction. To address the complex historical ecology of the sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) and its failed 1970s reintroduction to coastal Oregon, we compared mitochondrial genomes of pre-extirpation Oregon sea otters to extant and historical populations across the range. We sequenced the first complete ancient mitogenomes from archaeological Oregon sea otter dentine and historical sea otter dental calculus. Archaeological Oregon sea otters (N=20) represent ten haplotypes, which cluster with haplotypes from Alaska, Washington, and British Columbia, and exhibit a clear division from California haplotypes. Our results suggest that extant northern populations are appropriate for future reintroduction efforts. This project demonstrates the feasibility of mitogenome capture and sequencing from non-human dental calculus and the diverse applications of ancient DNA analyses to pressing ecological and conservation topics and the management of at-risk/extirpated species.</p>
Archaeological mitogenomes illuminate the historical ecology of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and the viability of reintroduction
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Reductions in the dietary niche of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the Holocene to the Anthropocene.
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) is a marine mammal hunted to near extinction during the 1800s. Despite their well-known importance as a keystone species, we know little about historical sea otter ecology. Here, we characterize the ecological niche of ancient southern sea otters (<i>E. lutris nereis</i>) using d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N analysis of bones recovered from archaeological sites spanning ~7,000 to 350 years before present (N=112 individuals) at five regions along the coast of California. These data are compared with previously published data on modern animals (N=165) and potential modern prey items. In addition, we analyze the d<sup>15</sup>N of individual amino acids for 23 individuals to test for differences in sea otter trophic ecology through time. After correcting for tissue-specific and temporal isotopic effects, we employ nonparametric statistics and Bayesian niche models to quantify differences among ancient and modern animals. We find ancient otters occupied a larger isotopic niche than nearly all modern localities; this likely reflects broader habitat and prey use in pre-fur trade populations. In addition, ancient sea otters at the most southerly sites occupied an isotopic niche that was more than twice as large as ancient otters from northerly regions. The latter likely reflects greater invertebrate prey diversity in southern California relative to northern California. Thus, we suggest the potential dietary niche of sea otters in southern California could be larger than in central and northern California. At two sites, Año Nuevo and Monterey Bay, ancient otters had significantly higher d<sup>15</sup>N values than modern populations. Amino acid d<sup>15</sup>N data indicated this resulted from shifting baseline isotope values, rather than a change in sea otter trophic ecology. Our results help in better understanding the contemporary ecological role of sea otters and exemplify the strength of combing zooarchaeological and biological information to provide baseline data for conservation efforts.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Lactation and resource limitation affect stress responses, thyroid hormones, immune function and antioxidant capacity of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
1. Lactation is the most energetically demanding stage of reproduction in female mammals. Increased energetic allocation toward current reproduction may result in fitness costs, though the mechanisms underlying these trade-offs are not well understood. Trade-offs during lactation may include reduced energetic allocation to cellular maintenance, immune response and survival, and may be influenced by resource limitation. 2. As the smallest marine mammal, sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate necessitating substantial energetic requirements for survival. To provide the increased energy needed for lactation, female sea otters significantly increase foraging effort, especially during late-lactation. Caloric insufficiency during lactation is reflected in the high numbers of maternal deaths due to End-Lactation Syndrome in the California subpopulation. 3. We investigated the effects of lactation and resource limitation on maternal stress responses, metabolic regulation, immune function and antioxidant capacity in two subspecies of wild sea otters (northern: E. l. nereis and southern: E. l. kenyoni) within the California, Washington and Alaska subpopulations. 4. Lactation and resource limitation were associated with reduced glucocorticoid responses to acute capture stress. Corticosterone release was lower in lactating otters. Cortisol release was lower under resource limitation and suppression during lactation was only evident under resource limitation. Lactation and resource limitation were associated with alterations in thyroid hormones. Immune responses and total antioxidant capacity were not reduced by lactation or resource limitation. Southern sea otters exhibited higher concentrations of antioxidants, immunoglobulins and thyroid hormones than northern sea otters. 5. These data provide evidence for allocation trade-offs during reproduction and in response to nutrient limitation but suggest self-maintenance of immune function and antioxidant defenses despite energetic constraints. Income-breeding strategists may be especially vulnerable to the consequences of stress and modulation of thyroid function when food resources are insufficient to support successful reproduction and may come at a cost to survival, and thereby influence population trends.
On following pages: 29. Marine Otter (Lontra felina); 30. Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis); 31. Southern River Otter (Lontra provocax); 32. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris); 33. Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis); 34. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra); 35. Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana); 36. African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis); 37. Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus); 38. Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata). in Mustelidae
On following pages: 29. Marine Otter (Lontra felina); 30. Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis); 31. Southern River Otter (Lontra provocax); 32. Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris); 33. Spotted-necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis); 34. Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra); 35. Hairy-nosed Otter (Lutra sumatrana); 36. African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis); 37. Asian Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus); 38. Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata).
Data from: Lactation and resource limitation affect stress responses, thyroid hormones, immune function and antioxidant capacity of sea otters (Enhydra lutris)
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Reductions in the dietary niche of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the Holocene to the Anthropocene.
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Data from: Gene transcription in sea otters (Enhydra lutris): development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health
Gene transcription analysis for diagnosing or monitoring wildlife health requires the ability to distinguish pathophysiological change from natural variation. Herein we describe methodology for the development of quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to measure differential transcript levels of multiple immune-function genes in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris); sea otter specific, qPCR primer sequences for the genes of interest are defined. We establish a "reference" range of transcripts for each gene in a group of clinically healthy captive and free-ranging sea otters. The 10 genes of interest represent multiple physiological systems that play a role in immuno-modulation, inflammation, cell protection, tumor suppression, cellular stress-response, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and cell-cell adhesion. The cycle threshold (CT) measures for most genes were normally distributed; the complement cytolysis inhibitor was the exception. The relative enumeration of multiple gene transcripts in simple peripheral blood samples expands the diagnostic capability currently available to assess the health of sea otters in situ and provides a better understanding of the state of their environment.
Genetic variation in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the North Pacific with relevance to the threatened Southwest Alaska distinct population segment
<p>For the sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>), genetic population structure is an area of research that has not received significant attention, especially in Southwest Alaska where that distinct population segment has been listed as threatened since 2005 pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In this study, 501 samples from 14 locations from Prince William Sound, Alaska to the Commander Islands in Russia were analyzed for variation at 13 microsatellite loci. Our results indicate a high degree of genetic divergence among the 14 locations (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> = 0.12) with gene flow conforming to the isolation by distance (IBD) model (<i>r<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.491, <i>p</i> < 0.05). The 14 sampling locations formed six geographic associations in clustering and ordination analyses that likely correspond to remnant population lineages: 1) Southcentral Alaska, 2) Kodiak and North Alaska Peninsula, 3) South Alaska Peninsula and Bristol Bay, 4) Eastern Aleutian, 5) Western Aleutian, and 6) the Commander Islands. Except for South Alaska Peninsula and Bristol Bay, these clusters closely agree with previously defined stock and management unit boundaries. Our results reveal significant genetic population structure and are generally congruent with current management strategies for the threatened Southwest Alaska distinct population segment.</p>
Data from: Gene transcription in sea otters (Enhydra lutris): development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health
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Genetic variation in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the North Pacific with relevance to the threatened Southwest Alaska distinct population segment
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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