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9 results for “Enhydra lutris nereis”
Data from: Tool use increases mechanical foraging success and tooth health in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
<p>Although it is well documented that tool use can enable the utilization of novel resources, the fitness benefits associated with this innovative behavior are difficult to test. Using longitudinal data from 196 radio-tagged southern sea otters, we found that individuals, particularly females, with frequent tool use gained access to harder, larger prey items. In turn, the mechanical advantages of tool use during food processing translated to reduced tooth damage in tool users. We also found that tool use diminishes trade-offs between access to different prey types, tooth health, and caloric intake that are highly dependent on the relative availability of prey in the environment. Overall, tool use allows individuals to maintain caloric requirements through the processing of alternative prey that are otherwise inaccessible without the use of tools, indicating that this innovative behavior is a necessity for the survival of southern sea otters in environments with depleted preferred prey.</p>
Fig. 1 in Molecular characterization and prevalence of Halarachne halichoeri in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 1. (A) Scanning electron microscopy of adult Halarachne halichoeri showing opisthosoma (abdomen) with slight constriction only at the anterior end and dorsal shield broader posteriorly than anteriorly with linguiform caudal tip. (B) Scanning electron microscopy of larvae Halarachne halichoeri with postanal setae (bristles) longer than adanal setae.
Fig. 1 in Pathology and epidemiology of nasopulmonary acariasis (Halarachne sp.) in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 1. Nasopulmonary acariasis in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). A. A single hexapod larval nasal mite (Halarachne sp.) has wandered out of the nose and is present on the planum nasale (arrow). This highly motile infectious larval stage is most common in the nares and rostral turbinates of the upper respiratory tract (Bar = 6 mm). Inset: Rhinoscopic view of a mass of hexapod larval mites (Halarachne sp.) crawling on the nasal turbinates of a sedated, live, captive sea otter (Bar = 2.5 mm). Image courtesy of Dr Michael Murray, Monterey Bay Aquarium. B. The larger, elongated (cigar-shaped) Halarachne sp. adults typically aggregate in the nasopharynx, but can also be found in the oropharynx, trachea and bronchi. Adult mites can become very densely packed in the nasopharynx, as shown here (Bar = 3 mm). C. The planum nasale was removed during necropsy, exposing the nasal cartilage and turbinate bones. As refrigerated carcasses warm up, larval mites often exit the nasal cavity and are readily apparent (arrows). This is a moderate infestation. Note the symmetry of the nasal cartilage and underlying turbinates (Bar = 12 mm). D. Severe larval mite infestation in a captive sea otter with chronic or recurrent nasopulmonary mite infestation, demonstrating marked asymmetry of the nasal cartilage and underlying turbinates. Severe, diffuse mucosal inflammation and turbinate osteolysis were confirmed on histopathology (Bar = 12 mm). E. Sea otter with a heavy intensity of adult Halarachne sp. attached to the dorsal soft palate in the nasopharynx, and throughout the larynx. Marked, diffuse mucosal erythema is spatially-associated with areas of mite attachment. Preliminary findings from bacterial culture and histopathology suggest that opportunistic bacterial pathogens, such as beta hemolytic streptococci, are often associated with these regions of mite infestation and respiratory mucosal erythema (Bar = 8 mm).
Fig. 2 in Molecular and morphological confirmation of Profilicollis altmani as the cause of acanthocephalan peritonitis in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny generated from the concatenation of sequences of loci B, C, D. Species analyzed include: Adineta vaga, Profilicollis altmani (sample haplotype 1 and GenBank (gb)), Profilicollis botulus/Profilicollis major (sample haplotypes 1 and 2), Polymorphus minutus, and Corynosoma enhydri. Branch lengths are scaled to phylogenetic distance and nodes are labeled with bootstrap support values (n = 100 replicates).
Fig. 1 in Molecular and morphological confirmation of Profilicollis altmani as the cause of acanthocephalan peritonitis in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 1. Four acanthocephalan morphotypes and their prior identities observed in necropsied sea otters. (A) Corynosoma enhydri adult, (B) Profilicollis altmani, (C) Profilicollis kenti, (D) Profilicollis major. Modified from Hennessy (1972).
Fig. 3 in Molecular and morphological confirmation of Profilicollis altmani as the cause of acanthocephalan peritonitis in California sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny generated from the concatenation of sequences of loci B and D. Species analyzed include: Adineta vaga, Profilicollis botulus/Profilicollis major (sample haplotypes 1 and 2 and GenBank (gb)), Polymorphus obtusus, Polymorphus minutus, Polymorphus trochus, Corynosoma enhydri, Polymorphus brevis, Profilicollis bullocki, and Profilicollis altmani (sample haplotype 1 and GenBank). Branch lengths are scaled to phylogenetic distance and nodes are labeled with bootstrap support values (n = 100 replicates).
Data from: Tool use increases mechanical foraging success and tooth health in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)
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Reductions in the dietary niche of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the Holocene to the Anthropocene.
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) is a marine mammal hunted to near extinction during the 1800s. Despite their well-known importance as a keystone species, we know little about historical sea otter ecology. Here, we characterize the ecological niche of ancient southern sea otters (<i>E. lutris nereis</i>) using d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N analysis of bones recovered from archaeological sites spanning ~7,000 to 350 years before present (N=112 individuals) at five regions along the coast of California. These data are compared with previously published data on modern animals (N=165) and potential modern prey items. In addition, we analyze the d<sup>15</sup>N of individual amino acids for 23 individuals to test for differences in sea otter trophic ecology through time. After correcting for tissue-specific and temporal isotopic effects, we employ nonparametric statistics and Bayesian niche models to quantify differences among ancient and modern animals. We find ancient otters occupied a larger isotopic niche than nearly all modern localities; this likely reflects broader habitat and prey use in pre-fur trade populations. In addition, ancient sea otters at the most southerly sites occupied an isotopic niche that was more than twice as large as ancient otters from northerly regions. The latter likely reflects greater invertebrate prey diversity in southern California relative to northern California. Thus, we suggest the potential dietary niche of sea otters in southern California could be larger than in central and northern California. At two sites, Año Nuevo and Monterey Bay, ancient otters had significantly higher d<sup>15</sup>N values than modern populations. Amino acid d<sup>15</sup>N data indicated this resulted from shifting baseline isotope values, rather than a change in sea otter trophic ecology. Our results help in better understanding the contemporary ecological role of sea otters and exemplify the strength of combing zooarchaeological and biological information to provide baseline data for conservation efforts.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Reductions in the dietary niche of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) from the Holocene to the Anthropocene.
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