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Fig. 7 in Age, growth, and reproductive aspects of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 7. Percentages of immature (white) and mature-resting females (black) per size classes (total length, mm) for Mycteroperca marginata individuals collected in the study area. n = 111.

Fig. 6 in Age, growth, and reproductive aspects of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 6. Percentage of mature resting females for specimens of the dusky grouper (Mycteroperca marginata) collected in the study area by total length classes, fitted to a logistic function. L50 = 451.3 mm. n = 111.

Fig. 4 in Age, growth, and reproductive aspects of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 4. von Bertalanffy growth curve fitted to age-at-length data for dusky grouper specimens (Mycteroperca marginata) collected in the study area (K = 0.069 e L = 1249 mm). n = 108.

Fig. 2 in Age, growth, and reproductive aspects of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Transverse section of an otolith of a 4+ year-old dusky grouper (Mycteroperca marginata) collected in the study area. The photograph was taken under a stereomicroscope (20x) and reflected light, and shows a clear differentiation between opaque (white) and translucent (dark) growth bands.

Fig. 1. A in Age, growth, and reproductive aspects of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 1. A) Patos Lagoon (10.360 km2) in southern Brazil and B) the 4.5 km long pair of rocky jetties that connect the estuarine zone of Patos Lagoon to the Atlantic Ocean. C) A detail of the west jetty and its large pieces of rock (nearly 10 ton each), located in the municipality of Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul state) in southern Brazil.

Fig. 5 in Age, growth, and reproductive aspects of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 5. Ovary sections of the dusky grouper (Mycteroperca marginata) collected in the study area. A) Immature gonad showing several primary germ cells (PGC) and oogonia. B) Resting gonad with small previtellogenic oocytes in chromatin nucleolus stage (CN) and in perinucleolar stage (PN).

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Fig. 1 in Molecular identification of Atlantic goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) (Perciformes: Epinephelidae) and related commercial species applying multiplex PCR

Fig. 1. Phylogrambasedontheamplificationofthesequence of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene of the commerciallyexploited species of fishes of the families Epinephelidae and Polyprion americanus (Polyprionidae). The samples collected in the present study are underlined and those obtained from the GenBank database appear together with their accession numbers.

Fig. 10 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 10. Pathways of the reproductive cycle of Alphestes afer showing the steps of protogynous hermaphroditism steps according to histological evidences observed. The schematic figures represent a portion of the histological section observed in microscopic. Fbi (Im), immature bisexual female; Tr(Rp), transitional ripe; TR(Sp), transitional spent; TR(Re), transitional resting; PM, primary male; SM, secondary male.

Fig. 9 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 9. Relationship between gonasosomatic index (I) and G size (T) of ripe females (n = 31) and males (n = 33) of Alphestes L afer during the reproductive peak (August up to September 2008, 2009).

Fig. 5 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 5. Monthly distribution of number (N) of females of Alphestes afer in sex change during reproductive cycle (from March 2008 up to October 2009); I, gonadosomatic index. G Fbi (Im), inactive bisexual phase of female; Tr(Re), transitional phase of resting; Tr(Rp), transitional phase of ripe; Tr(Sp), transitional phase of spent female; Rc, reproductive cycle (n= 17).

Fig.7 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig.7. Monthly variation analysis of the gonasosomatic index (I) of Females (I F; n=200) Males (I M; n=57); and fat G G G deposited in the mesenteries (Mesenteric fat – Mf F; Mf M) of Alphestes afer from Pernambuco coast. Error bars show standard deviation of original data.

Fig. 4 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 4. (left column) Females with bisexual and transitional phases in Alphestes afer. (a) Section showing a gonad in bisexual phase of immature female (bar = 50 μm) (16.1 cm T; L May 2008). (a*) Detail of spermatic crypt in major magnification of same specimen (1000x; bar = 20 μm). (b) Section showing a gonad in transitional phase of resting female with sperm crypts spread among ovarian tissue (bar = 50μm) (19.8 cm T; May L 2009). (b*) Detail of spermatic crypt (1000x; bar = 2μm). (c) Section of ovary showing transitional phase of spent female with sperm crypts around vitellogenic stage oocyte (bar = 50 μm) (21.1 cm T; October 2009). (c*) Detail of spermatic crypt L (1000x, bar = 2 μm) O = primary growth stage oocyte; dot = 1 degenerating ovarian tissue, scr = sperm crypts; mb = muscle boundle; O3 = vitellogenic stage oocyte; atr = atretic vitellogenic oocytes; spd = spermatides.

Fig. 2 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 2. Photomicrographs of histological sections from males Alphestes afer gonads. (a), (b) Section from a ripe male (a - bar = 300μm, 15.1 cm T; September 2008; b - bar = 37 μm, 19.0 cm L T; August 2009). (c) Section from a ripening male with residual L previtellogenic oocytes (bar = 50μm; 21 cm T; June 2009). lu L = lumen, spz = spermatozoa; ro = residual oocytes.

Fig. 3 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of a histological section from male Alphestes afer spermatogenesis stages. (a), go = spermatogonias, (b), spcI = spermatocytes in first stage (bar = 5μm); (c),spcII = secondary spermatocytes (bar = 2.5μm); (d), spd = spermatides (bar = 2μm); (e), spz = spermatozoa (bar = 2μm) (18.6 cm T ; September 2009).

Fig. 4 in Diet and feeding strategy of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Feeding strategy diagram for individuals of three size classes (A: <400 mm TL; B: 400-500 mm TL; C:>500 mm TL) of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata. Prey-specific abundance plotted against frequency of occurrence of food items in the diet of the dusky grouper. The inserted boxed (A) represents a conceptual diagram of a resource niche width characterized by a high between-phenotype component (sensu Amundsen et al., 1996) to niche width contribution. The number of individuals analyzed in each size class is 29, 34 and 15, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Diet and feeding strategy of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Average values (±SD) of prey's size (mm, TL) and biomass (g) in the stomach content of three size classes (<400 mm TL; 400-500 mm TL;>500 mm TL) of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata. The number of individuals analyzed in each size class is 29, 34 and 15, respectively.

Fig. 1 in Diet and feeding strategy of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Patos Lagoon (10.360 km2) in southern Brazil (A) and the 4.5 km long pair of jetties that connects the estuarine zone of the lagoon with the Atlantic Ocean (B), detail of the west jetty and their large pieces of rock nearly 10 ton each (C). These rocky jetties are located in the Rio Grande City (Rio Grande do Sul State) in southern Brazil.

Fig. 2 in Diet and feeding strategy of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata (Actinopterygii: Epinephelidae) in a man-made rocky habitat in southern Brazil

Fig. 2. Components (%N, %W, %F) of the Index of Relative Importance (%IRI) for each of the five major categories of food found in the stomach content of three size classes (A: <400 mm TL; B: 400-500 mm TL; C:>500 mm TL) of the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata. The number of individuals analyzed in each size class is 29, 34 and 15, respectively. Mollusks did not occur in the larger size class (> 500 mm TL).