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6 results for “Eptesicus nilssonii”
Figure 2 in The Distribution Of The Northern Bat Eptesicus Nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) In Latvia Assessed By Passive Acoustic Survey
Figure 2. Dot plot showing the activity of E. nilssonii in each observation site. The outer dot in each region represents the mean and the whiskers the standard error of the mean. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (p<0.05) (A). Data visualization depicting the gradient of the activity of E. nilssonii in four parts of Latvia. The darker color represents the higher activity (B).
Figure 1 in The Distribution Of The Northern Bat Eptesicus Nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839) In Latvia Assessed By Passive Acoustic Survey
Figure 1. The map of Latvia divided in four regions under LKS92 25x25 km square network. Bat activity was studied in randomly selected squares (visited squares marked grey). In total, 60 squares were surveyed with six survey sites chosen in each square (n=360).
Skin temperature data from northern bats (Eptesicus nilssonii) in Norway
<p><span>Strong seasonality at high latitudes represents a major challenge for many endotherms as they must balance survival and reproduction in an environment that varies widely in food availability and temperature. To avoid energetic mismatches caused by limited foraging time and stochastic weather conditions, bats employ the energy-saving state of torpor during summer to save accumulated energy reserves. However, at high latitudes small-bats-in-summer face a particular challenge: as nocturnal foragers they rely on the darkness at night to avoid predators and/or interspecific competition, but live in an environment with short, light summer nights, and even a lack of true night at the northernmost distributions of some bat species. To predict optimal behaviour in relation to latitudinal variation in diurnal cycles, we constructed a stochastic dynamic programming model of bats living at high latitudes. Using a stochastic dynamic programming framework with values that are representative for our study system, we show that individual energetic reserves are a strong driver of daytime use of torpor and night-time foraging behaviour alike, with these linked effects being both temperature and photoperiod dependent. We further used the model to predict survival probabilities at five locations across a latitudinal gradient (60.1</span><span>°</span><span>N to 70.9</span><span>°</span><span>N), finding that combinations of photoperiod and temperature conditions limited population distributions in the model. To verify our model results, we compared predictions for optimal decisions with our own empirical data collected on northern bats (<em>Eptesicus nilssonii</em>) from two latitudes in Norway. The similarities between our predictions and observations provide strong evidence that this model framework incorporates the most important drivers of diurnal decision-making in bat physiology and behaviour. Comparing empirical data and model predictions also revealed that bats facing lighter night conditions further north restrict their mass gain, which strengthens the hypothesis that predation threat is a main driver of bat nocturnality. Our model findings regarding state-dependent decisions in bats should contribute to the understanding of how bats cope with the summer challenges at high latitudes.</span></p>
Breeding phenology and postnatal development data of northern bats (Eptesicus nilssonii)
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Skin temperature data from northern bats (Eptesicus nilssonii) in Norway
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Dramatic decline of northern bat Eptesicus nilssonii in Sweden over 30 years
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