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Figure 11 in Environmental influences on movements and distribution of a wild horse (Equus caballus) population in western Nevada, USA: a 25-year study

Figure 11. Relationships of human presence, horse key summer range (KSR) use, and lion numbers in the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory (MPWHT). Human presence (May– September) is presented as per cent of its highest year. Horse KSR use is presented as per cent of the total population using the KSR. Adult lion numbers are presented as the percentage of the maximum single-year lion number.

Figure 6 in Environmental influences on movements and distribution of a wild horse (Equus caballus) population in western Nevada, USA: a 25-year study

Figure 6. Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory (MPWHT) horse use of non-key summer range (KSR) areas. Use outside the MPWHT primarily includes areas east of Basalt and west of Adobe Valley.

Figure 5. Changes from 1987 in Environmental influences on movements and distribution of a wild horse (Equus caballus) population in western Nevada, USA: a 25-year study

Figure 5. Changes from 1987 to 2007 in patterns of the geographic distribution of wild horses in the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory (MPWHT). The central, lightly shaded area is the key summer range (KSR). The black mark within it is the highest elevation in the Territory (elevation decreases 360 degrees around it throughout). Dark shaded areas indicate regular horse use and represent> 90% of the population. Many wild horse populations in the intermountain west accommodate to seasonal conditions, spending winter at lower elevations and summer at higher elevations. The pattern across years in the MPWHT changed from summer horse concentration in the KSR to decreasing return to KSR from winter range. In addition to establishment of decreased KSR use and increased year-round use of historical winter-range areas, expansion of the geographic use areas occurred in the latter, including seasonal use beyond MPWHT map boundaries.

Figure 8 in Environmental influences on movements and distribution of a wild horse (Equus caballus) population in western Nevada, USA: a 25-year study

Figure 8. The relationship of key summer range (KSR) horse use and carrying capacity in the context of the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory (MPWHT) horse population. As KSR horse numbers decreased, use outside the KSR increased. Total population range use is presented as a percentage of KSR carrying capacity. As total population increased across years, it remained <80% of carrying capacity for KSR alone, suggesting that considerable population growth can continue without reaching carrying capacity.

Figure 4 in Environmental influences on movements and distribution of a wild horse (Equus caballus) population in western Nevada, USA: a 25-year study

Figure 4. Relationship of mountain lions and foal survival in the Montgomery Pass Wild Horse Territory (MPWHT). Data are based on annual assessment between May and September. The majority of predation occurred in the key summer range (KSR). Adult lion numbers and foal survival in the MPWHT: foal survival is presented as the ratio of currentyear yearlings to previous-year foals expressed as a percentage, lion numbers are for individual lions documented by telemetry, track and/or sighting. The majority of lions were recorded in the KSR.

Figure 3 in Environmental influences on movements and distribution of a wild horse (Equus caballus) population in western Nevada, USA: a 25-year study

Figure 3. Annual total number of horses in the Montgomery Pass wild horse population. Numbers represent reliable estimate for all range areas (not complete enumeration).

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

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Determinants of microbiome composition: Insights from free-ranging hybrid zebras (Equus quagga × grevyi)

The composition of mammalian gut microbiomes is highly conserved within species, yet the mechanisms by which microbiome composition is transmitted and maintained within lineages of wild animals remain unclear. Mutually compatible hypotheses exist, including that microbiome fidelity results from inherited dietary habits, shared environmental exposure, morphophysiological filtering, and/or maternal effects. Interspecific hybrids are a promising system in which to interrogate the determinants of microbiome composition because hybrids can decouple traits and processes that are otherwise co-inherited in their parent species. We used a population of free-living hybrid zebras (Equus quagga × grevyi) in Kenya to evaluate the roles of these four mechanisms in regulating microbiome composition. We analyzed fecal DNA for both the trnL-P6 and the 16S rRNA V4 region to characterize the diets and microbiomes of the hybrid zebra and of their parent species, plains zebra (E. quagga) and Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi). We found that both diet and microbiome composition clustered by species, and that hybrid diets and microbiomes were largely nested within those of the maternal species, plains zebra. Hybrid microbiomes were less variable than those of either parent species where they co-occurred. Diet and microbiome composition were strongly correlated, although the strength of this correlation varied between species. These patterns are most consistent with the maternal-effects hypothesis, somewhat consistent with the diet hypothesis, and largely inconsistent with the environmental-sourcing and morphophysiological-filtering hypotheses. Maternal transmittance likely operates in conjunction with inherited feeding habits to conserve microbiome composition within species.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2017View details →

Fig. 3 in Gastrointestinal Parasite Community In A New Population Of The Przewalski'S Horse (Equus Ferus Przewalskii) In The Orenburg State Reserve, Russia

Fig. 3. Distribution of strongylid species from the Przewalski's horses in Pre-Urals Steppe, Orenburg State Reserve, on ten prevalence classes.

Text-fig. 14. Dendrograms of studied taxa based on enamel ultrastructure characters. a: dendrogram based on all three enamel types; b: dendrogram based on enamel type I. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 14. Dendrograms of studied taxa based on enamel ultrastructure characters. a: dendrogram based on all three enamel types; b: dendrogram based on enamel type I.

Text-fig. 13. Enamel ultrastructure of I1, Equus hydruntinus (Kabazi 2). a: vertical sections, scale bar = 100 Μm; b: horizontal and vertical arrangement of prisms in the HSB structure, scale bar = 10 Μm; c: unstructured PLEX enamel at the end of the root, scale bar = 100 Μm. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 13. Enamel ultrastructure of I1, Equus hydruntinus (Kabazi 2). a: vertical sections, scale bar = 100 Μm; b: horizontal and vertical arrangement of prisms in the HSB structure, scale bar = 10 Μm; c: unstructured PLEX enamel at the end of the root, scale bar = 100 Μm.

Text-fig. 12. HSB of first and second upper incisors of Equus przewalskii (Chornobyl Exclusion Zone). a, b: vertical section, scale bar = 100 Μm; c: horizontal cross-section, scale bar = 50 Μm. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 12. HSB of first and second upper incisors of Equus przewalskii (Chornobyl Exclusion Zone). a, b: vertical section, scale bar = 100 Μm; c: horizontal cross-section, scale bar = 50 Μm.

Text-fig. 9. Enamel ultrastructure of M1-2, Equus hydruntinus (Kabazi 2). a, b: type I; c, d: type II. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 9. Enamel ultrastructure of M1-2, Equus hydruntinus (Kabazi 2). a, b: type I; c, d: type II.

Text-fig. 8. Enamel ultrastructure of M1, Equus przewalskii (Chornobyl Exclusion Zone). a, b: enamel row, scale bar = 100 and 20 Μm respectively; c: type I and III, scale bar = 20 Μm; d–f: first type enamel arrangement, scale bar d = 10, e = 3 Μm and f = 2 Μm; g, h: prisms of TZ, scale bar = 50 and 30 Μm respectively; i: type II near OES, scale bar = 20 Μm. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 8. Enamel ultrastructure of M1, Equus przewalskii (Chornobyl Exclusion Zone). a, b: enamel row, scale bar = 100 and 20 Μm respectively; c: type I and III, scale bar = 20 Μm; d–f: first type enamel arrangement, scale bar d = 10, e = 3 Μm and f = 2 Μm; g, h: prisms of TZ, scale bar = 50 and 30 Μm respectively; i: type II near OES, scale bar = 20 Μm.

Text-fig. 4. Enamel ultrastructure of M1-2, Equus gmelini (Myrne). a: enamel row, scale bar = 30 Μm; b: type I and III, scale bar = 20 Μm; c: type II near OES border, scale bar = 2 Μm. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 4. Enamel ultrastructure of M1-2, Equus gmelini (Myrne). a: enamel row, scale bar = 30 Μm; b: type I and III, scale bar = 20 Μm; c: type II near OES border, scale bar = 2 Μm.

Text-fig. 10. Enamel ultrastructure of I1 (a) and I2 (b, c), Equus gmelini, tarpan (Myrne). a: vertical section; b, c: horizontal cross-section, scale bar = 250 and 100 Μm respectively. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 10. Enamel ultrastructure of I1 (a) and I2 (b, c), Equus gmelini, tarpan (Myrne). a: vertical section; b, c: horizontal cross-section, scale bar = 250 and 100 Μm respectively.

Text-fig. 5. Enamel ultrastructure of m1-2, Equus gmelini (Kamiana Mohyla). a: type I, scale bar = 2 Μm; b: type II, scale bar = 10 Μm; c: type II near the OES border, scale bar = 2 Μm. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 5. Enamel ultrastructure of m1-2, Equus gmelini (Kamiana Mohyla). a: type I, scale bar = 2 Μm; b: type II, scale bar = 10 Μm; c: type II near the OES border, scale bar = 2 Μm.

Text-fig. 6. Enamel ultrastructure of M2, Equus gmelini (Hirzhevo). a: type I and III, scale bar = 20 Μm; b: IPM and PE first type prisms, scale bar = 3 Μm; c, d: wavy/decussated enamel of TZ, scale bar = 20 and 10 Μm respectively; e: type II near OES border, scale bar = 2 Μm; f: type III, scale bar = 2 Μm. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 6. Enamel ultrastructure of M2, Equus gmelini (Hirzhevo). a: type I and III, scale bar = 20 Μm; b: IPM and PE first type prisms, scale bar = 3 Μm; c, d: wavy/decussated enamel of TZ, scale bar = 20 and 10 Μm respectively; e: type II near OES border, scale bar = 2 Μm; f: type III, scale bar = 2 Μm.

Text-fig. 2. Measurements (Μm) of the width of IPM and PE prisms of various types of enamel in representatives of Equidae from the "tarpan" group. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 2. Measurements (Μm) of the width of IPM and PE prisms of various types of enamel in representatives of Equidae from the "tarpan" group.

Text-fig. 7. Enamel ultrastructure of P3, Equus caballus (konik polski). a: enamel row, scale bar = 50 Μm; b: type I and III, scale bar = 50 Μm; c: type I, scale bar = 10 Μm; d, e: wavy enamel of TZ with decussations, scale bar = 100 and 50 Μm respectively; f: type II near OES, scale bar = 10 Μm. in The Ultrastructure Of The Tooth Enamel Of Small Equus Of The "Tarpan" Group And Their Possible Phylogenetic Connections

Text-fig. 7. Enamel ultrastructure of P3, Equus caballus (konik polski). a: enamel row, scale bar = 50 Μm; b: type I and III, scale bar = 50 Μm; c: type I, scale bar = 10 Μm; d, e: wavy enamel of TZ with decussations, scale bar = 100 and 50 Μm respectively; f: type II near OES, scale bar = 10 Μm.