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11 results for “Eristalis”
F I G U R E 4 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems
F I G U R E 4 Time to first hatch (hours) and number of hatched larvae per egg cluster (mean ± SE) for Eristalis tenax egg clusters reared at 12 (n = 6), 16.5 (n = 5), 21.5 (n = 6), 25.5 (n = 5), 30 C (n = 6). Letters indicate significant differences in time to first hatch (bold) and hatched larval output at each temperature (p <0.05).
T A B L E 1 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems
T A B L E 1 Summary of percentage of females mated, observed total egg cluster count and expected total egg cluster count proportionate to the number of females per cage, and differences between observed and expected egg cluster counts (% of expected) for Eristalis tenax at three different sex ratio treatments: 20:40, 30:30 and 40:20 female to male.
F I G U R E 3 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems
F I G U R E 3 Percentage of total Eristalis tenax egg cluster output per week from eclosion, from four cages in the 30:30 sex ratio treatment (n = 196) and three cages in the 60 fly per cage stocking density treatment with a 1:1 sex ratio (n = 62).
F I G U R E 2 Survival curves for female Eristalis tenax flies observed for 11 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems
F I G U R E 2 Survival curves for female Eristalis tenax flies observed for 11 weeks in four adult density treatments; 15:15 (n = 45), 30:30 (n = 90), 60:60 (n = 180), 120:120 (n = 360). Letters indicate significant differences (p <0.05) between survival curves of treatments.
F I G U R E 1 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems
F I G U R E 1 Percentage of mated Eristalis tenax females in a captive population over time following eclosion (mean ± SE); 2 weeks (n = 15), 4 weeks (n = 29), 5 weeks (n = 15), 7 weeks (n = 4), 9 weeks (n = 16).
Figs 8–13. 8 – anterior spiracle. 9 in Micromorphology of egg and larva of Eristalis fratercula, with an updated key of Eristalis species with known third instar larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Figs 8–13. 8 – anterior spiracle. 9 – two patches of sclerotized spicules. 10 – mesothoracic proleg; 11 – first abdominal proleg; 12 – sixth abdominal proleg; 13 – posterior breathing tube. Abbreviations: cs – central scars; fa – facets; ip – incurved plate; is – interspiracular setae; so – spiracular openings; sp – spiracular plate.
Figs 2–7 in Micromorphology of egg and larva of Eristalis fratercula, with an updated key of Eristalis species with known third instar larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Figs 2–7. Third instar larva of Eristalis fratercula (Zetterstedt, 1838). 2 – head and thoracic segments (pro- and mesothorax), ventral view; 3 – antennomaxillary organs; 4 – details of the cephalic region and lips; 5–6 – long branched spicules in the upper margin on the lateral lips; 7 – longitudinal grooves and anterior spiracles, dorsal view. Abbreviations: am – antennomaxillary organs; an – antenna; as – anterior spiracles; bs – branched spicules; dl – dorsal lips; es – extra pair of sensilla; ll – lateral lips; mp – maxillary palp; mtp – mesothoracic prolegs; ts – tuft of long setae; vl – ventral lips.
Hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) pursuit of artificial targets
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>The ability to visualize small moving objects is vital for the survival of many animals, as these could represent predators or prey. For example, predatory insects, including dragonflies, robber flies and killer flies, perform elegant, high-speed pursuits of both biological and artificial targets. Many non-predatory insects, including male hoverflies and blowflies, also pursue targets during territorial or courtship interactions. To date, most hoverfly pursuits were studied outdoors. To investigate naturalistic hoverfly (<em>Eristalis tenax</em>) pursuits under more controlled settings, we constructed an indoor arena that was large enough to encourage naturalistic behavior<em>.</em> We presented artificial beads of different sizes, moving at different speeds, and filmed pursuits with two cameras, allowing subsequent 3D reconstruction of the hoverfly and bead position as a function of time. We show that male <em>E. tenax</em> hoverflies are unlikely to use strict heuristic rules based on angular size or speed to determine when to start pursuit, at least in our indoor setting. We found that hoverflies pursued faster beads when the trajectory involved flying downwards towards the bead. Furthermore, we show that target pursuit behavior can be broken down into two stages. In the first stage the hoverfly attempts to rapidly decreases the distance to the target by intercepting it at high speed. During the second stage the hoverfly's forward speed is correlated with the speed of the bead, so that the hoverfly remains close, but without catching it. This may be similar to dragonfly shadowing behavior, previously coined 'motion camouflage'. </span></p>
Hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) descending neurons respond to pursuits of artificial targets
<p><span>Many animals use motion vision information to control dynamic behaviors. Predatory animals, for example, show an exquisite ability to detect rapidly moving prey followed by pursuit and capture. Such target detection is not only used by predators but can also play an important role in conspecific interactions. Male hoverflies (<em>Eristalis</em> <em>tenax</em>), for example, vigorously defend their territories against conspecific intruders. Visual target detection is believed to be subserved by specialized target-tuned neurons that are found in a range of species, including vertebrates and arthropods. However, how these target-tuned neurons respond to actual pursuit trajectories is currently not well understood. To redress this, we recorded extracellularly from target selective descending neurons (TSDNs) in male <em>Eristalis</em> <em>tenax</em> hoverflies. We show that the neurons have dorso-frontal receptive fields, with a preferred direction up and away from the visual midline, with a clear division into a TSDN<sub>Left</sub> and a TSDN<sub>Right</sub> cluster. We next reconstructed visual flow-fields as experienced during pursuits of artificial targets (black beads). We recorded TSDN responses to six reconstructed pursuits and found that each neuron responded consistently at remarkably specific time points, but that these time points differed between neurons. We found that the observed spike probability was correlated with the spike probability predicted from each neuron's receptive field and size tuning. Interestingly, however, the overall response rate was low, with individual neurons responding to only a small part of each reconstructed pursuit. In contrast, the TSDN<sub>Left</sub> and TSDN<sub>Right</sub> populations responded to substantially larger proportions of the pursuits, but with lower probability. This large variation between neurons could be useful if different neurons control different parts of the behavioral output.</span></p>
Hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) pursuit of artificial targets
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Fig. 1 in Micromorphology of egg and larva of Eristalis fratercula, with an updated key of Eristalis species with known third instar larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Fig. 1. Eristalis fratercula (Zetterstedt, 1838), surface of the egg with star-shaped pattern.
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