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19 results for “Espeletia”
Data from: On the causes of rapid diversification in the Páramos: Isolation by ecology and genomic divergence in Espeletia
How diversity arises and what is the relative role of allopatric and ecological divergence are among the most persistent questions in evolution and ecology. Here, we assessed whether ecological divergence has enhanced the diversification of the Neotropical alpine plant complex Espeletia, also known as frailejones. This genus has one of the highest diversification rates ever reported and is distributed in the world's fastest evolving biodiversity hotspot, the Páramo (Neotropical alpine grasslands at elevations of c. 2800–4700 m). Our goal was to determine whether ecology plays a role in divergence within the Espeletia complex by quantifying genome-wide patterns of ecological divergence. We characterized 162 samples of the three most common and contrasting ecotypes (distinct morphotypes occupying particular habitats) co-occurring in six localities in the northern Andes using Genotyping by Sequencing. Contrasting ecotypes were caulescent cloud forest populations, caulescent populations from wind-sheltered and well-irrigated depressions and acaulescent populations from wind-exposed drier slopes. We found high polymorphism with a total of 1,273 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that defined the relationships among nine genetic clusters. We quantified allelic associations of these markers with localities and habitats using 18 different general and mixed-effects statistical models that accounted for phylogenetic distance. Despite that these models always yielded more SNPs associated with the localities, markers associated with the habitat types were recovered too. We found strong evidence for isolation-by-distance (IBD) across populations despite rampant gene flow, as expected for plant groups with limited seed dispersal. Contrasts between populations of different habitat types showed that an isolation-by-environment (IBE) trend emerged and masked the IBD signal. Maximum likelihood estimation of the number of migrants per generation (Nem) among ecotypes confirmed the IBE pattern. This result illustrates the importance of mountains' environmental variation at a local scale in generating rapid morphological radiations and maintaining multiple adaptations in a fast-evolving ecosystem like the Páramo.
FIGURE 2. Espeletia restricta. A in Espeletia restricta (Millerieae, Asteraceae), a new species from the páramos of northern Colombia
FIGURE 2. Espeletia restricta. A. Adaxial view of leaf. B. Synflorescence. C. Outer phyllary (abaxial view). D. Outer phyllary (adaxial view). E. Inner phyllary (abaxial view). F. Inner phyllary (adaxial view). G. Ray floret with immature achene. H. Disc floret. I. Palea (adaxial view). J. Achene (dorsal view). Illustrations made by Adriana Sanín (HUA).
FIGURE 1. Espeletia restricta. A. Habitat. B. Habit. C in Espeletia restricta (Millerieae, Asteraceae), a new species from the páramos of northern Colombia
FIGURE 1. Espeletia restricta. A. Habitat. B. Habit. C. Capitulum, frontal view. Photos by S. Giraldo.
Data from: On the causes of rapid diversification in the Páramos: Isolation by ecology and genomic divergence in Espeletia
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Figura 26. Pseudococcus espeletiae Williams y in Revisión taxonómica de Pseudococcus Westwood (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) de Centro y Sud América con descripciones de especies nuevas
Figura 26. Pseudococcus espeletiae Williams y Granara de Willink, modificado de Williams y Granara de Willink (1992), con el permiso de C.A.B. International, Wallingford, Inglaterra.
Climate vulnerability assessment of the Espeletia complex on Páramo sky islands in the northern Andes
<p>Some of the largest impacts of climate change are expected in the environmentally heterogeneous and species rich high mountain ecosystems. Among those, the Neotropical alpine grassland above the tree line (c. 2,800 m), known as Páramo, is the fastest evolving biodiversity hotspot on earth, and one of the most threatened. Yet, predicting climate responses of typically slow-growing, long-lived plant linages in this unique high mountain ecosystem remains challenging. Here we coupled climate sensitivity modeling and adaptive potential inferences to efficiently assess climate vulnerability of Espeletia, Páramo's most iconic, predominant and rapidly evolving plant complex. In order to estimate climate sensitivity, we first modeled the distribution of 28 Espeletia taxa under a niche conservatism scenario using altitude and five current (1970-2000) and future (2050 RCP 8.5) bioclimatic variables across 36 different Páramo complexes in the northern Andes (49 % of the world's Páramo area). As an alternative to range shifts via migration, we also computed the adaptive capacity of these Páramo complexes by considering three enhancing factors of the biodiversity's adaptive potential as well as three environmental limiting factors of the populations' plastic response. These predictors showed that diverse Páramos in the Eastern Cordillera were more vulnerable likely because the counteracting effects of the adaptive potential (r = -0.93 ± 0.01) were not sufficient to buffer higher distribution losses (r = 0.39 ± 0.01). Agriculture (r = -0.48 ± 0.01), mining (r = -0.36 ± 0.01), and rural population density (r = -0.23 ± 0.01) also weakened the adaptive capacity. These results speak for a limited persistence via migration in the short-term responses of Espeletia to climate change, even though the past population dynamics in concert with glacial cycling is indicative of a predominant role of range shifts. Furthermore, changing climate, together with a general inability to adapt, may eventually constrain the rapid diversification in the Espeletia complex. Our integrative modeling illustrates how future climate may impact plant populations in a mega diverse and highly threatened ecosystem such as the Páramo, and encourages carrying out similar estimates in diverse plant complexes across other high mountain and island-like ecosystems.</p>
Figure 6 from: Diazgranados M, Sánchez LR (2017) Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia. PhytoKeys 76: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220
Figure 6 - Distribution map showing the collection locality for Espeletia praesidentis (red circle), and collections of other Espeletia species found in the area: Espeletia brassicoidea (green circles), Espeletia canescens (orange squares), Espeletia conglomerata (blue squares), Espeletia standleyana (yellow triangles) and Espeletia steyermarkii (pink pentagons). Topographic map from Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), HERE, DeLorme, TomTom, Intermap, Increment P Corp., General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), National Park Service (NPS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), GeoBase, Institut Géographique National (IGN), Kadaster NL, Ordnance Survey, Esri Japan, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI), Esri China (Hong Kong), Swisstopo, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community.
Figure 4 from: Diazgranados M, Sánchez LR (2017) Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia. PhytoKeys 76: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220
Figure 4 - Comparison of similar Espeletia species. A Espeletia brassicoidea B Espeletia canescens C Espeletia conglomerata D Espeletia dugandii E Espeletia praesidentis F Espeletia standleyana G Espeletia steyermarkii. The hygrophilous and always monocephalous Espeletia estanislana was not included because of its very distinctive morphology. Above: plant habit; below: adult leaves with sheaths, and complete capitulescences.
Figure 3 from: Diazgranados M, Sánchez LR (2017) Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia. PhytoKeys 76: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220
Figure 3 - Photomicrographs of Espeletia praesidentis. A stigmatic branches of ray flower B stigmatic branches of disc flower with abundant papillae C detail of a stigmatic branch of ray flower with pollen grains D Pollen grain.
Figure 2 from: Diazgranados M, Sánchez LR (2017) Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia. PhytoKeys 76: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220
Figure 2 - Illustrations of Espeletia praesidentis. A outer phyllary B Inner (sterile) phyllary C ray flower palea D ray flower E disc flower palea F disc flower G dorsal view of cypselae from ray flower. Illustrations made by Lauren Merchant.
Figure 1 from: Diazgranados M, Sánchez LR (2017) Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia. PhytoKeys 76: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220
Figure 1 - Espeletia praesidentis: A habitat, showing a large population B holotype collection (M. Diazgranados & L.R. Sánchez 3865), with stemmed rosette habit and very long capitulescences C frontal view of capitulum D dorsal view of capitulum.
Functional leaf and root traits Espeletia Colombia
<p>Values for leaf and root functional traits of species belonging to the Espeletiinae subtribe. </p>
Phylogenetic signatures of ecological divergence and leapfrog adaptive radiation in Espeletia
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>PREMISE</b>: Events of accelerated species diversification represent one of Earth's most celebrated evolutionary outcomes. Northern Andean high-elevation ecosystems, or páramos, host some plant lineages that have experienced the fastest diversification rates, likely triggered by ecological opportunities created by mountain uplifts, local climate shifts and key trait innovations. However, the mechanisms behind rapid speciation into the new adaptive zone provided by these opportunities have long remained unclear. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>METHODS</b>: We address this issue by studying the Venezuelan clade of <i>Espeletia</i>, a species-rich group of páramo-endemics showing a dazzling ecological and morphological diversity. We performed a number of comparative analyses to study both lineage and trait diversification, using an updated molecular phylogeny of this plant group.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>KEY RESULTS</b>: We showed that sets of either vegetative or reproductive traits have conjointly diversified in <i>Espeletia</i>along different vegetation belts, leading to adaptive syndromes. Diversification in vegetative traits occurred earlier than in reproductive ones. The rate of species and morphological diversification showed a tendency to slow down over time, probably due to diversity dependence. We also found that closely related species exhibit significantly more overlap in their geographic distributions than distantly related taxa, suggesting that most events of ecological divergence occurred at close geographic proximity within páramos.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>: These results provide compelling support for a scenario of small-scale ecological divergence along multiple ecological niche dimensions, possibly driven by competitive interactions between species, and acting sequentially over time in a leapfrog pattern.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Phylogenetic signatures of ecological divergence and leapfrog adaptive radiation in Espeletia
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Climate vulnerability assessment of the Espeletia complex on Páramo sky islands in the northern Andes
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Data from: Phylogenomic analysis of the explosive adaptive radiation of the Espeletia complex (Asteraceae) in the tropical Andes
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Microbial and Functional Diversity within the Phyllosphere of Espeletia sp. in Andean High Mountain Ecosystems
GEO Series GSE70539. Archaea; plant metagenome; Bacteria; Eukaryota; Viruses. 16 samples. Type: Genome variation profiling by array.
Espeletia hartwegiana Sch. Bip. ex Cuatrec. from Colombia collected by Z. Restrepo #9980
<p><strong>File Name</strong>: <span>TOLI-22462-PAF-01-18-A1-02.jpg</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO FOTO</strong>: <span>TOLI-22462-PAF-01-18-A1-02-</span></p> <p><strong>Fotografía</strong>: <span>SI</span></p> <p><strong>Nº TOLI</strong>: <span>TOLI-22462</span></p> <p><strong>PARCELA</strong>: <span>PAF-01</span></p> <p><strong>CÓDIGO</strong>: <span>18-A1-02</span></p> <p><strong>Nº COLECTA</strong>: <span>9980</span></p> <p><strong>NUEVOS COLECTORES</strong>: <span>Wilmar López Oviedo</span></p> <p><strong>COLECTORES</strong>: <span>Z. Restrepo</span></p> <p><strong>Nº MUESTRAS MONTADAS</strong>: <span>1</span></p> <p><strong>Homologación</strong>: <span>Homologado</span></p> <p><strong>Nueva fecha del evento </strong>: <span>27/12/2018.</span></p> <p><strong>Fecha del evento</strong>: <span>31/10/2014.</span></p> <p><strong>Proyecto </strong>: <span>Recursos Botánicos Disponibles en Línea (BRAVO) para la flora Colombiana</span></p> <p><strong>Hábitat</strong>: <span>Páramo (P)</span></p> <p><strong>Continente</strong>: <span>SA</span></p> <p><strong>Pais</strong>: <span>Colombia</span></p> <p><strong>Estado/Provincia</strong>: <span>Quindío</span></p> <p><strong>Municipio</strong>: <span>Salento</span></p> <p><strong>Localidad</strong>: <span>Páramo de Frontino</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación minima en metros</strong>: <span>3625</span></p> <p><strong>Elevación maxima en metros</strong>: <span>3825</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud</strong>: <span>4.618</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud original</strong>: <span>-75.422</span></p> <p><strong>datum geodésico</strong>: <span>WGS 84</span></p> <p><strong>Latitud decimal</strong>: <span>4.618</span></p> <p><strong>Longitud decimal</strong>: <span>-75.422</span></p> <p><strong>Identificado por</strong>: <span>Jose Aguilar</span></p> <p><strong>Fecha de identificación</strong>: <span>25/01/2019.</span></p> <p><strong>Nombre cientifico</strong>: <span>Espeletia hartwegiana Sch. Bip. ex Cuatrec.</span></p> <p><strong>Reino</strong>: <span>Plantae</span></p> <p><strong>Filo</strong>: <span>Magnoliophyta</span></p> <p><strong>Clase</strong>: <span>Equisetopsida</span></p> <p><strong>Orden</strong>: <span>Asterales</span></p> <p><strong>Familia nueva</strong>: <span>Asteraceae</span></p> <p><strong>Género nuevo</strong>: <span>Espeletia </span></p> <p><strong>especie nueva</strong>: <span>hartwegiana</span></p> <p><strong>Autoría del nombre científico</strong>: <span>Sch. Bip. Ex Cuatrec.</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>Asteraceae</span></p> <p><strong>genero herbario</strong>: <span>Espeletia</span></p> <p><strong>especie herbario</strong>: <span>hartwegiana</span></p> <p><strong>Especie de herbario para TNRS</strong>: <span>Espeletia hartwegiana</span></p> <p><strong>Especie corregida herbario y desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Espeletia hartwegiana</span></p> <p><strong>Familia corregida desde TNRS</strong>: <span>Asteraceae</span></p> <p><strong></strong>: <span>1591</span></p>
Figure 5 from: Diazgranados M, Sánchez LR (2017) Espeletia praesidentis, a new species of Espeletiinae (Millerieae, Asteraceae) from northeastern Colombia. PhytoKeys 76: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.76.11220
Figure 5 - Comparison of rosette colours. A Espeletia dugandii B Espeletia praesidentis.
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