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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Supplementary material for "High semi-natural vegetation cover and heterogeneity of field sizes promote bird beta-diversity at larger scales in Ethiopian Highlands"

Abstract <ol> <li>The intensification of farming practices exerts detrimental effects on biodiversity. Most research has focused on declines in species richness at local scales (alpha-diversity) although species loss is exacerbated by biotic homogenization that operates at larger scales (i.e., affecting beta-diversity). The majority of studies have been conducted in temperate, industrialized countries while tropical areas remain poorly studied. Agricultural landscapes of sub-Saharan Africa are still largely dominated by small-scale subsistence farming, but strenuous efforts to intensify farming practices are currently spreading to meet a growing food demand. It is therefore crucial to understand how these intensified practices affect biodiversity to mitigate their negative impacts. </li> <li>We investigated how farming system (small- vs large-scale farming) and landscape complexity (semi-natural vegetation cover) drive bird species composition, community turnover, and beta-diversity patterns in Ethiopian Highlands’ agroecosystems. We evaluated the following hypotheses: (1) large-scale farming homogenizes bird communities, (2) community turnover is higher in small-scale farms, (3) interactive effects between landscape complexity and farming systems shape avian communities, (4) heterogeneity of field sizes increases community turnover at larger scales. </li> <li>Bird communities underwent greater compositional changes along the landscape complexity than along the agricultural intensity gradient. Contrary to our expectations, beta-diversity was not significantly lower within large-scale farms (no biotic homogenization), and complex landscapes that still offer a high amount of semi-natural vegetation promoted community turnover in both farming systems. </li> <li>Semi-natural vegetation cover mediated how avian communities responded to agricultural intensification: the compositional differences between small- and large-scale farms increased with vegetation cover, further promoting avian community heterogeneity at the landscape level.</li> <li>The heterogeneity in field sizes also enhanced bird community turnover, suggesting that a combination of both small- and large-scale farming systems within a given landscape unit would promote beta-diversity at larger scales, provided large-scale farms do not become dominant.</li> <li>Synthesis and applications:  Landscape complexity shaped avian communities to a stronger degree than farming intensity, emphasizing the importance of semi-natural vegetation and landscape heterogeneity for the maintenance of diverse bird communities and for achieving multifunctional landscapes promoting biodiversity and associated ecosystem services on the High Ethiopian plateaus.   </li> </ol>

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Ethiopian archives of nature: photographs

01. Hiking trail between Sankaber and Gich, Simien, 2013. 02. The material shaping of nature: Village of Gich, Simien Mountains, September 2013 and January 2019. 03. An archival collection in the environmental history of Ethiopia: EWCA warehouse, Lideta district, July 2016; EWCA offices, Yobek district, April 2021. (Photographs by Guillaume Blanc [2016] and Kidanemariam Woldegiorgis Ayalew [2021]). 04. The “John Blower” collection: “JB” binders, Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Library, Addis Ababa, 2016.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Soil carbon stock, litter decomposition, and weather data from Ethiopian forests

Introduction 100 sampling units (SU) were selected from the total of 631 SUs of the Forest Reference Level submission 2017 (FRL 2017). The sampling was designed unbiased for total growing stock per SU, altitude,and mean litter depth per SU. The actual field sampling succeeded on 98 of the pre-selected SUs due to accessibility restrictions. Soil profile sampling Soil sampling was performed from November 2017 till mid-January 2018. Samples were taken from undisturbed soil from depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm below the organic layer. Volumetric samples of 107.5 cm3 were taken vertically, using a 10 cm long conically shaped corer with a cutting lower edge diameter of 37 mm and upper diameter of 40 mm.  Composite samples were formed by combining the volumetric samples taken from different depths of two parallel soil profiles. The samples were transported to EEFRI Soil Laboratory in Addis Ababa after 1-4 weeks of sampling at distant locations.    Soil physical characteristics The soil samples were air-dried, homogenized, and subjected to oven-drying at 105°C until constant mass. Total bulk density was determined using the total dry mass and volume of the composite samples.  Organic carbon content (C % by wet oxidation method), and soil physical characteristics: moisture content, bulk density of the total sample, and bulk density of fine fraction (particles passing the 2 mm sieve). The mass of the coarse fraction was weighed. The soil fine fraction was also subjected to laser diffraction for more accurate particle size analysis for proportions of clay, silt, and sand.    In addition to this 28 samples were also analyzed for C content in the laboratory of Natural Resources Institute Finland to determine C content by LECO CHN analyzer. This was done to calibrate the bulk of wet digestion-based estimates (Fig. 1). Before analysis, the soils were tested for the presence of inorganic C.   For Figure 1. See Soil_C_Ethiopia.pdf Figure 1. Comparison of results from wet oxidation (Walkley-Black) and dry oxidation (CHN analyzer). The dotted line shows the theoretical 1:1 match between the axis, the solid line shows linear regression (intercept = 0) between the methods. The estimated slope value of 1.165 was used in adjusting the wet digestion results to match those obtained by dry oxidation: OCadj = 1.165 * OCwet. Based on a linear regression between the wet and dry oxidation analysis results, a correction factor of 1.165 was applied to adjust the organic C% obtained by wet digestion. The adjusted data are shown in the file “SOC_Ethiopia_2017-2018.csv”.   SOC stocks were calculated by multiplying the proportion of organic C with BD of fine earth, after which the result was corrected for stoniness, a visually estimated proportion of large stones (S, value from 0 to 1) in the soil profile that could not be included in the volumetric soil samples (FAO VS-FAST). \(SOCstock = C_{org} * BD_{fe} * (1-S)\) Soil organic carbon stock data Files: “SOC_Ethiopia_2017-2018.csv” and “SOC_Ethiopia_2017-2018.xlsx” The file includes soil characteristics from layers of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm below the loose organic layer on top of the soil. The data are used for SOC stock estimation in the respective layers as described above. In the .csv file individual columns are for  LAT is the latitude of the sampling site corresponding to FieldCode and SU_nr LON is the longitude of the sampling site corresponding to FieldCode and SU_nr <ul> <li>The coordinates are expressed as decimal degrees of the WGS84 system</li> </ul> FieldCode refers to the Region and Sampling Unit number of the Ethiopian NFI (see below)  SU_nr is the Sampling Unit number of the Ethiopian NFI Region is the name of the administrative region where the sample was taken Biome is the name of the forest biome type where the sample was collected BiomeSimplified is the name of a biome with some close types combined DepthRange is the upper and lower limit of the soil sample in the field, cm StoninessVFAST is a percentage of stones (VS-FAST by FAO) in the ca. 40 cm deep soil profile exposed during the sampling FreshMassInField is the mass of the total composite soil sample of the given layer, g, primarily indicative of checking the correct number of subsamples in composite NrComposites is the number of subsamples included in the composite for each soil layer CorerVolume is a constant of 107.5 cm3 because only one type of corer was used for undisturbed, volumetric sampling CompositeVolume is the volume of the composite sample for each soil depth layer CoarseFractionMass is the dry mass, g of soil particles > 2mm that did not pass the sieve, but were included in the sample volume FE_DryMass is oven-dry mass, g of the fine fraction that passed the 2 mm sieve. BDtot is total bulk density, g m-3, calculated for the composite sample BDfe is the bulk density of the fine earth fraction, g m-3 OC_adj is organic carbon (OC) content (%) in the composite sample, adjusted according to the comparison between dry and wet oxidation methods (Fig. 1) SOCfe is SOC stock calculated for soil fine earth fraction, t ha-1 in the 10 cm deep soil layer SOCfe_stoniness is SOC stock of the fine earth fraction, t ha-1 in the 10 cm deep soil layer, adjusted for stoniness. The correction assumes that the volume occupied by larger stones would be void of OC.    Litter stock data File: “Litter_Ethiopia_2017-2018.csv” The file includes measurements of litter layer on Ethiopian NFI Sampling Unit (SU) sites where sampling for SOC stock determination was done. The depth of the litter layer was measured in the SU’s of the NFI, and this data contains in addition to depth also a volumetric sample of the litter layer. The dry bulk density was used to calculate the carbon stocks in the litter pool.   The depth of the litter layer was measured in the field. Litter from the respective spot was sampled quantitatively from a frame of 0.01m2 of area for litter dry mass estimate. The organic C stock in a litter (L) was calculated as,   \(L = {M\over z} * {C_{om}\over A}, \)   where M = Dry mass of the litter sample, g z = Depth of the litter layer in the field, m Com = Conversion factor from dry organic matter to carbon (C), 0.5 A = area of quantitative collection of litter (0.01 m2)   In the .csv file individual columns are for LAT, LON is the GPS coordinates (decimal degrees of WGS84) for the Sampling Units (SU_ID) SU_ID is the Sampling Unit identification number of the Ethiopian NFI FieldCode refers to the Region and Sampling Unit number of the Ethiopian NFI (see below) Region is the name of the administrative region where the sample was taken Litter_dry is the dry mass, g of the litter sample Area_m2 is the area, m2 of litter sampling MeanLitterDepth is the mean depth of the litter layer at the sampling area CDensityLitter is the dry bulk density of the litter, g m-2 multiplied by the assumed organic C proportion of the oven-dry litter materials (0.50) LitterCStock_tha is the litter stock, t ha-1 calculated from the C density of the litter layer   Litter bag data (decomposition and quality) The leaves and twigs were sampled from 2 species (Juniperus and Podocarpus) and 3 locations of the elevation gradient in the Chilimo forest (Table 1). The forest was considered an old-growth with Juniperus procera and Podocarpus falcatusbeing the main species forming the tree canopy. The sites form an elevation gradient (Table 1).   Table 1. Geographical locations of the study sites in the Chilimo forest.   <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> id </td> <td> Latitude (deg.) </td> <td> Longitude (deg.) </td> <td> Elevation (m a.s.l) </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 1 </td> <td> 9.0672 </td> <td> 38.1443 </td> <td> 2500 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 2 </td> <td> 9.0712 </td> <td> 38.1556 </td> <td> 2670 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> 3 </td> <td> 9.0869 </td> <td> 38.1684 </td> <td> 2800 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   The dying and dead leaves were sampled directly from the trees later referred to as “fresh” and from the branches found on the ground, referred to as “old”. The old leaves were assumed to be dead for around 3 months. The diameter of the branches/twigs was less than 1 cm in diameter. The samples were first sorted and air-dried in an elevated temperature of the greenhouse and thereafter oven-dried in the oven overnight at 45 °C.  The samples were analyzed for acid, water, ethanol dissolved,and undissolved fractions (AWEN) (Table 2) and for the decomposition rates of the litter installed into the litter bags corresponding to each of the Chilimo sites.    Table 2. Acid, water, ethanol (A, W, E, respectively) dissolved and undissolved fractions (N) from the litter components of the dominant tree species in the Chilimo forest. <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Litter type </td> <td> Species </td> <td> A </td> <td> W </td> <td> E </td> <td> N </td> </tr> <tr> <td> leaves fresh </td> <td> Juniperus  </td> <td> 0.45 </td> <td> 0.13 </td> <td> 0.1 </td> <td> 0.33 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> leaves fresh </td> <td> Podocarpus  </td> <td> 0.42 </td> <td> 0.28 </td> <td> 0.05 </td> <td> 0.25 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> leaves old </td> <td> Juniperus  </td> <td> 0.44 </td> <td> 0.07 </td> <td> 0.08 </td> <td> 0.41 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> leaves old </td> <td> Podocarpus  </td> <td> 0.44 </td> <td> 0.09 </td> <td> 0.05 </td> <td> 0.42 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> twigs </td> <td> Juniperus  </td> <td> 0.61 </td> <td> 0.04 </td> <td> 0.02 </td> <td> 0.32 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> twigs </td> <td> Podocarpus  </td> <td> 0.56 </td> <td> 0.15 </td> <td> 0.02 </td> <td> 0.27 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   A sufficient amount of litter was placed into the litter bags (polyurethane mesh 1 mm) and the mesh bags were installed on top of the soil surface under the forest canopy (later referred to as “canopy”) and in the forest gap caused by harvesting (later referred as “open”). The installation of the litter bags (for each species 3 replicates of each litter type for each site and canopy type for the 3 periods, in total 12 litter bags for leaves and 6 bags for twigs) was done on 22.9.2017. The mesh bags were left on the ground, protected from grazing by the fence, and retrieved subsequently on 12.10.2017, 31.10.2017, and 12.12.2017. Despite the efforts took few samples were lost. The retrieved samples were oven-dried and initial mass and mass loss data for each period and litter type with a detailed description of the variables can be found in the file “litter.chilimo_07.02.22.xlsx”.   Soil temperature data During the period from 22.9.2017 to 12.12.2017, we monitored the soil temperature at 5 cm depth under the canopy and in the open canopy on all Chilimo sites continuously every 4 hours intervals with the Maxim iButton temperature loggers. However, some sensors were lost. Daily means and their standard deviation of the continuous temperatures can be found in the file “soil.temp.chilimo_07.02.22.xlsx”.   Processed weather data The air temperature and precipitation data for 98 sampling units corresponding to soil carbon data originated from 73 weather stations located across Ethiopia and were obtained from Ethiopian Meteorological Agency (http://www.ethiomet.gov.et/). Sampling units were joined with weather data by the closest proximity to their corresponding weather stations. Precipitation was unaltered. The air temperature required correction by elevation is described in more detail in Lehtonen et al. (2020). The monthly values of air temperature and precipitation with an accompanied readme description of the variables can be found for 98 sampling units in the file “sampling.units98_meteo_07.02.22.xlsx” and the Chilimo study sites in the file “monthly.weather.chilimo_07.02.22.xlsx”. The monthly values in the file "sampling.units98_meteo_07.02.22.xlsx" correspond to long-term average over the period from 1986 to 2017.     References:   Lehtonen, A., Ťupek, B., Nieminen, T.M., Balázs, A., Anjulo, A., Teshome, M., Tiruneh, Y. and Alm, J., 2020. Soil carbon stocks in Ethiopian forests and estimations of their future development under different forest use scenarios. Land Degradation & Development, 31(18), pp.2763-2774.   FRL 2017. https://redd.unfccc.int/files/ethiopia_frel_3.2_final_modified_submission.pdf

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Data from: Three decades of pastoralist settlement dynamics in the Ethiopian Omo Delta based on remote sensing data

Data from the paper: Amos, S., Mengistu, S., Kleinschroth, F. (2021): Three decades of pastoralist settlement dynamics in the Ethiopian Omo Delta based on remote sensing. Based on Landsat 5, 7, 8, RapidEye Ortho, and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, we manually mapped the settlements of the Dasanech people in the most populated parts of the Omo River Delta in Ethiopia from 1992 to 2019 using QGIS. We used the data to answer the following questions: (1) How have pastoralist settlements in the delta changed in extent and persistence over the past three decades? And (2) how have the settlements changed structurally during the construction, filling, and operation of Gibe III Dam? We conducted two independent remote sensing analyses. Firstly, we used Landsat data from 1992 to 2019 to track land that is inhabited by pastoralists people within the evergreen part of the Delta. Secondly, the higher spatial resolution of the RapidEye Ortho (5m) and Sentinel-2 (10m) images allowed the detailed identification of settlements as well as infrastructure (tin-roof houses and road) in the Delta during a shorter period from 2009 to 2019. For more information on the data, please refer to the README.txt or the paper.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Monogenetic vents in northern Main Ethiopian Rift

This data set contains three files, they are tab-delimited text files. The files have three columns, from the left:: x: UTM-WGS84 coordinate of the center of the vent in meters, y: UTM-WGS84 coordinate of the center of the vent in meters, s: the nearest neighbor distance for each vent, in meters. They were acquired by analyzing shaded relief 30 m images from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) DEM (http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/) with a vertical exaggeration (3x) and by analyzing panchromatic SPOT satellite images (http://www. spotimage.com) with a pixel resolution from 2.5 to 20 m and using Google Earth software (http://earth .google.com/).

Figure 6 in Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Figure 6. Diagrammatic summary of male mandibular development across the Formicidae at subfamily level. Subfamilies with asterisks (*) have genera or genus groups which are diagnosable by male mandibular vestigiality. In the legend, "w" = worker/female, "m" = male. Images from the top left to the bottom right are from AntWeb [30] with the exception of the Aneuretinae (after [51]) and the †Desyopone (this study): †Sphecomyrminae (ANTWEB1032637, J. Chaul), Martialis (ANTWEB1041466, B. Boudinot), Protanilla th01 (CASENT0119776, M. Esposito), Paraponera clavata (CASENT0902407, R. Perry), Tatuidris pa01 (CASENT0102681, A. Nobile), Proceratium sc02 (CASENT0160796, E. Prado), Apomyrma zm01 (CASENT0068418, M. Esposito), Fulakora (CASENT0727874, M. Esposito), Platythyrea lamellose (CASENT0257315, B. Reynolds), Pseudoponera stigma (CASENT0178182, A. Nobile), Chrysapace sauteri (CASENT0179567, E. Prado), Myrmecia auriventris (CASENT0902789, Z. Lieberman), Nothomyrmecia macrops (CASENT0902784, Z. Lieberman), Pseudomyrmex denticollis (CASENT0173749, A. Nobile), Dolichoderus pustulatus (CASENT0103853, A. Nobile), Lasius flavus (CASENT0173150, A. Nobile), Typhlomyrmex rogenhoferi (CASENT0006787, A. Nobile), Myrmica glacialis (CASENT0862350, A. Nobile).

Figure 5 in Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Figure 5. Diagrammatic representations of wing venation (top) and cell identities (bottom) based on the MAIG 6016 paratype 1 of †Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov. Cell names: CC = costal cell; RC1-2/SMC1 = first and second radial cells or submarginal cell 1; RC3/MC1 = third radial or first marginal cell; MC1/DC1 = first medial or first discal cell; RsC2/SMC2 = second sectorial or second submarginal cell; CuC1/SBC = first cubital or first subbasal cell; CuC2/SDC = second cubital or first subdiscal cell.

Figure 3 in Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Figure 3. Amira volume renders of the raw data from the †Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov. holotype MAIG 6016. (A) body in lateral view; (B) mesosoma in dorsal view; (C) head, prothorax, and mesothorax in ventral view; (D) petiole in dorsal view; (E) petiole in ventral view, highlighting the petiolar tergum, laterotergites, and sternum, and the helcial tergite and sternite.

Figure 4 in Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Figure 4. Volume renders of the segmented data from the head of †Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., holotype MAIG 6016, showing the highly unusual mandibles. (A) full-face view; (B) ventral view; (C) dorsolateral anterior oblique view; (D) oral view. Scale bar approximate due to slightly unequal scaling of images for depiction.

Figure 1 in Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Figure 1. Photograph of entire amber piece MAIG 6016, with indication of type specimens (labeled H for holotype, P1–P12 for paratypes) of †Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., and with detailed views of seven of them (A–D). (A) paratype 4; (B) holotype; (C) paratypes 1–3; (D) paratypes 5–6. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 2 in Genomic-Phenomic Reciprocal Illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an Exceptional Aneuretine-like Fossil Ant from Ethiopian Amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae)

Figure 2. Photographs of †Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., MAIG 6016. (A,B) holotype, anterodorsolateral views of head and metasoma; (C) paratype 1, wing view; (D) paratype 4, wing view. AtIII/MtII: abdominal tergite III/metasomal tergite II; AsIX/MsVIII: abdominal sternite IX/metasomal sternite VIII. Note that the specimen figured in D has a duplicated crossvein 2rs-m on right fore wing. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Figure 3 in The genus Allodia (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Miocene Ethiopian amber

Figure 3. Wing of Allodia paleoafricana sp. nov., female, holotype MAIG 6017. (a) Photograph of left wing. (b) Drawing with indication of venation.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

Figure 2 in The genus Allodia (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Miocene Ethiopian amber

Figure 2. Allodia paleoafricana sp. nov., female, holotype MAIG 6017. (a) Details of head and thorax in lateral view, with indication of mesonotal setae. (b) Thorax in dorsal view, highlighting the lateral and posterior mesonotal setae. (c) Mesonotum in dorsal view, highlighting the rows of dorsocentral setae. (d) Abdomen in profile view. Abbreviations: am s, anteromarginal setae; crc, cerci; dc s, dorsocentral setae; postal s, postalar setae; psctl s, posterior scutellar setae; preal s, prealar setae.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Amharic visual question answering on Ethiopian tourism

Visual Question Answering (VQA) is a Vision-to-Text (V2T) task that integrates visual  features of images with natural language questions to generate meaningful responses.  Most existing research has focused on English, leaving a significant gap for other  languages, including Amharic. Tourism, a major global industry, relies heavily on  interactions where visitors seek information about natural, historical, cultural, and  religious sites. Ethiopia is a remarkable tourist destination, home to unique sites such as  the Rock-hewn churches of Lalibela and the Castles of Gondar, as well as natural  phenomena like Simien National Park and Lake Tana. Most visitors are local, creating an  urgent need for a VQA model that can deliver accurate, culturally relevant information in  Amharic. Unfortunately, no such model currently exists to assist tourists at these heritage  sites. This research addresses this gap by developing an Amharic Visual Question  Answering model specifically tailored for Ethiopian tourism. A new Amharic VQA  dataset was created using 2,200 diverse images from Ethiopian tourist sites paired with  6,600 questions in Amharic, covering natural landmarks, historical sites, and religious  celebrations. Our dataset is collected from various sources, including the UNICCO  website, the Amhara Tourism office, and online platforms such as Facebook, Free pixel,  and Instagram. Each image is complemented by three corresponding questions  formulated by three individual experts and answered by ten candidates. The questions,  answers, and images are linked through annotations and fed into the model. We used  ResNet-50 for feature extraction and Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) with  attention mechanisms, achieving a testing accuracy of 54.98%, demonstrating the model's  effectiveness in answering questions about Ethiopian heritage. We will expand this  research using external knowledge to gat answer and description beyond image and  custom object detection

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

FIG. 1 in Taxonomic revision of the genus Neoheligmonella Durette-Desset, 1971 (Nematoda, Heligmonellidae) parasitic in Muridae mainly from the Ethiopian Region

FIG. 1. — Synlophes of females at mid-body: A-C, after Durette-Desset (1970), modified; A, Neoheligmonella (Neoheligmonella) based on Neoheligmonella (Neoheligmonella) houini (Durette-Desset, 1970); B, Neoheligmonella (Duplantierus) n. subgen. based on Neoheligmonella (Duplantierus) bainae (Durette-Desset, 1970); C, Dioufnema n. gen. based on Dioufnema lemniscomysi (Durette- Desset, 1970) n. comb.; D, after Durette-Desset & Cassone (1986) modified, Taranchonema n. gen. based on Taranchonema dossoi (Durette-Desset & Cassone, 1986) n. comb. Abbreviations: r, right side; d, dorsal side. Scale bars: 50 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Repeat photography of a joint military operation involving the Ethiopian and Eritrean armies in Inderta, Tigray, Ethiopia (November 2020)

The Eritrean PFDJ government has actively participated in the conflict against Ethiopia's Tigray region since it began in November 2020, supporting the Ethiopian government. Regularly, Eritrea dispatched Eritrean Defence Force (EDF) troops to aid the Ethiopian National Defence Forces (ENDF) in their conflict with the Tigray region. Following the Eritrean admission of its involvement, the Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, however, minimized the scope of the Eritrean participation throughout the conflict and tended to confine it to the Ethio-Eritrean border regions. Here we present a dataset of repeated video images, allowing the examination of the coordination between the Ethiopian and Eritrean armies in the war in late 2020, deep within Tigray. The warfare imagery was accurately placed near Miheni in Inderta district, and shows unequivocally that Eritrean forces participated in fighting in Tigray in close coordination with the Ethiopian army. It is 180 kilometers, or 102 kilometers as the crow flies, to the Eritrean border from Miheni.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2014View details →

Fig. 3 in Ethiopian oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) from the Joint Russian-Ethiopian Biological Expedition (2012), with description of a new species

Fig. 3. Paroppia breviseta (Balogh, 1962): (A) dorsal view (legs not shown); (B) ventral view (gnathosoma and legs not shown); (C) lateral view (gnathosoma and legs except trochanters III, IV not shown). Scale bar = 100 μm.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in Ethiopian oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) from the Joint Russian-Ethiopian Biological Expedition (2012), with description of a new species

Fig. 2. Perscheloribates paratranslamellatus sp. n.: (A) rostral seta; (B) sensillus; (C) subcapitulum, right half; (D) palptarsus; (E) anterior part of chelicera; (F) tarsus and anterior part of tibia, leg I, left, antiaxial view. Scale bars A–C, E = 20 μm; D = 10 μm; F = 50 μm.