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FIG. 2 in The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canini) in the Mio-Pliocene of the Old World

FIG. 2. — The early and mid-Pliocene Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 distribution: A, during early and mid-Pliocene times (◇) the genus Eucyon had a wide distribution across Eurasia. The very late record of the genus (○, late Pliocene/middle Villafranchian) seems to be limited to central Asia and to the more arid areas of eastern Eurasia (Turkey, North Africa); B, the typical Pliocene species from Europe E. adoxus (Martin, 1973) from St-Estève (near Perpignan, France; MN 15), cast of skull (approximate length 18 cm) and mandible (reversed) RSS-45 (Basel Naturhistorisches Museum);C, E. davisi (Merriam, 1911) from Hsia Kou (Yushe basin, China; Pliocene), cast of skull (approximate length 15 cm) F:AM-97056 (American Museum of Natural History, New York); D, E. zhoui Tedford & Qiu, 1996 from Chao Chuang (Yushe basin, China; Pliocene), cast of skull (reversed) and mandibular ramus (approximate length of mandibular ramus 10 cm) F:AM-97048 (American Museum of Natural History, New York).

FIG. 3 in The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canini) in the Mio-Pliocene of the Old World

FIG. 3. — Eucyon adoxus (Martin, 1973) from St-Estève (near Perpignan, France; MN 15): A, type specimen RSS 45, approximate length of the skull 18 cm; B, skull and mandible reconstruction based on type specimen RSS 45; C, reconstruction of principal jaw- abductor muscles positioned on the reconstructed skull; D, life appearance of the head.

FIG. 1 in The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canini) in the Mio-Pliocene of the Old World

FIG. 1. — The latest Miocene Eucyon Tedford & Qiu, 1996 dispersal: A, oldest record of E. davisi (Merriam, 1911) is from Early Hemphillian localities in the western North America (●). The genus quickly expands its record to east in the central and south eastern North America, where it is a common element in late Hemphillian local faunas (□). The late Miocene (MN 12-13 in the European mammal biochronology; ○ locations correspond to time of transcontinental dispersal of the genus, across the Beringia, towards Asia, Europe, and Africa; B, type specimen of E. davisi, right M1-2 in occlusal view (M1 length measures about 10 mm) from Rattlesnake creek, early Hemphillian, Oregon (UCMP545; Earth Sciences Dept., University of Florence); C, D, E. monticinensis (Rook, 1992) left M1 in lingual (C) and occlusal (D) views (M1 length about 17 mm) from Monticino Quarry near Brisighella (BRS27/6; Earth Sciences Dept., University of Florence); E, the figure is completed by a reconstructed scene of a group of adult Eucyon moving eastward in a late Miocene Central Asia grassland scenario. The artistic scene aims to ideally represent the dispersal of the genus Eucyon from North America to the Old World during the latest Miocene.

FIG. 2. — Eucyon debonisi n in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 2. — Eucyon debonisi n. sp. from Venta del Moro (Spain): A-C, maxilla with both dental series (MGUV 14752); B, C, detailed views of the left maxilla with P3-M2; D, E, right upper canine (MGUV 14778); A, ventral view; B, occlusal view; C, lateral view; D, lingual view; E, buccal view. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 3. — Eucyon debonisi n in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 3. — Eucyon debonisi n. sp. from Venta del Moro (Spain): A-C, left hemimandible with p1, p2 and m2 (MGUV 14787); D-F, fragment of right hemimandible with p4-m2 (MGUV 14788); G-I, fragment of left hemimandible with p2-m1 (MGUV 14753); J-L, left m1 (MGUV 14791); M-O, right m1 (MGUV 18474); A, D, G, L, O, lingual views; B, F, H, K, N, occlusal views; C, E, I, J, M, buccal views; Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 4. — Eucyon debonisi n in n. sp., a new Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the latest Miocene of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain)

FIG. 4. — Eucyon debonisi n. sp. from Venta del Moro (Spain): A-D, left calcaneus (MGUV 19183); E-H, left astragalus (MGUV 15753); I, J, right navicular (MGUV VV-14624); A, E, dorsal views; B, H, medial views; C, G, plantar views; D, F, lateral views; I, proximal view; J, distal view. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 10 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 10. Biochronological range chart of Eucyon species and selected Caninae taxa based on our phylogenetic hypothesis. Data source in Crusafont (1950), Pons-Moyà & Crusafont (1978), Tedford & Qiu (1996), Montoya et al. (2009) and Tedford et al. (2009). Events: (1) African first canini (Eucyon intrepidus, based on Morales et al., 2005; (2) The most ancient North American Canis representing by Canis lepophagus according Tedford et al. (2009), after the inclusion of Canis ferox into Eucyon. Taxa in grey came from Africa and in black from Eurasia and North America. North American land mammal age (NALMA) based on Tedford et al. (2004), Albright et al. (2008) and Hilgen et al. (2012); European Mammal Neogene Units (MN) based on Hilgen et al. (2012) and Morales et al. (2013). Abbreviations: ELMA, European land mammal ages; NALMA, North American land mammal ages (units defined by immigrant taxa); E, early, M, middle; L, late.

Figure 3 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 3. Mandibles of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, B, SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype), right hemi-mandible (A), left one (B). A1, B1, buccal; A2, B2, lingual; A3, B3, occlusal views. C, D, SAM-PQL-40041, right hemi-mandible (C), left one (D). C1, D1, buccal; C2, D2, lingual; C3, D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-40308, left hemi-mandible: E1, buccal; E2, occlusal view.

Figure 6 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 6. Cervical and caudal vertebrae of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A–E, SAM-PQL-31272. A1–3, atlas: A1, dorsal; A2, ventral; A3, distal views. B1, B2, atlas: B1, lateral; B2, dorsal views. C1–3, third cervical vertebra: C1, cranial; C2, dorsal; C3, lateral views. D1–3, fourth cervical vertebra: D1, cranial; D2, dorsal; D3, lateral views. E1, E2, fifth cervical vertebra: E1, dorsal; E2, lateral views. F, SAM-PQL-15323, atlas, ventral view. G, SAM-PQL-15174, axis: G1, lateral; G2, dorsal views. H, SAM-PQL-15160, third cervical vertebra: H1, rostral; H2, lateral views. I, SAM-PQL-40041, fourth caudal vertebra: I1, dorsal; I2, ventral views. Scale Bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 12 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 12. Bivariate plot comparing the lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi, with other Eucyon spp. from North America, Europe, and Africa. A, p4; B, m1; C, lengths of m1 and p4; D, m2; E, lengths of m1 and width m2. Abbreviations: L, length; W, width. Sources: Tedford & Qiu (1996) and Tedford et al. (2009) for E. davisi from North America and China and E. zhoui from China; Pons-Moyà & Crusafont (1978) for C. cipio; Montoya et al. (2009) for E. debonisi; Rook (1992, 1993) for E. monticinensis and E. odessanus; Morales et al. (2005) for E. intrepidus Haile-Selassie & Howell (2009) for E. intrepidus from Santogale Fm; García (2008) for E. wokari; Werdelin et al. (2014b) for E. kuta; Spassov and Rook (2006) for E. marinae; and this work for E. khoikhoi.

Figure 5 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 5. Deciduous dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg compared with the one of the living jackal Lupulella mesomelas. A, SAM-PQL-72209, right DP2: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-72226A, left fragmentary dp3: B1, buccal; B2, lingual; B3, occlusal views. C, SAM-PQL-72226B, left dp4: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal; C4, distal views. D, SAM-PQL-72210, left dp4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal; D4. distal views. E, SAM-PQL-72214, fragmentary left dp4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, occlusal; E4, distal views. F, SAM-ZM-35825, right hemi-mandible of a juvenile

Figure 11 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 11. Bivariate plot comparing the upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi, with other Eucyon spp. from North America, Europe, and Africa. A, P4; B, M1; C, M2; D, lengths of M1 and P4; E, lengths of M1 and M2; F, widths of M1 and M2. Abbreviations: L, length; W, width. Sources: Tedford & Qiu (1996) and Tedford et al. (2009) for E. davisi from North America and China and E. zhoui from China; Crusafont (1950) for C. cipio; Montoya et al. (2009) for E. debonisi; Rook (1992, 1993) for E. monticinensis and E. odessanus; Morales et al. (2005) for E. intrepidus from Lukeino Fm; Howell & García (2007) for E. intrepidus from Lemudong´o; García (2008) for E. wokari; and this work for E. khoikhoi.

Figure 9 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 9. Phylogenetic relationship of Eucyon khoikhoi, within selected caninae, based on the strict consensus tree. Length 97 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.5258, homoplasy index (HI) = 0.4742, and retention index (RI) = 0.5929. The numbers below nodes are Bremer indices, and the numbers above nodes are bootstrap support percentages (only shown if> 50). Vulpes vulpes is the outgroup.

Figure 4 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 4. Lower dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-72228, right cx: A1, buccal; A2, lingual; A3, occlusal views. B, SAM-PQL-50112, left cx: B1, buccal; B2, lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-15381 A/1, left p2: C1, buccal; C2, lingual; C3, occlusal views.D, SAM-PQL-72220, right fragmentary hemi-mandible including p1, p3–4: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-72216 left m1: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3 occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72166, left m1 trigonid: F1, buccal; F2, lingual; F3, occlusal views. G, SAM-PQL-50113A, right fragmented m1: G1, buccal; G2, lingual; G3, occlusal; G4, distal views. H, SAM-PQL-50497A, left fragmentary hemi-mandible with m2: H1, buccal; H2, lingual; H3, occlusal views. I, SAM-PQL-50113B, left m2: I1, buccal; I2, lingual; I3, occlusal; I4, distal views. J, SAM-PQL-72212, left m2: J1, lingual; J2, occlusal; J3, distal views. K, SAM-PQL-16120A, right m3: K1, buccal; K2, lingual; K3, occlusal views. L, SAM-PQL-72213, right m3: L1, buccal; L2. occlusal views. Abbreviations: h, hypoconid; m, metaconid; par, paraconid; and pr, protoconid. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 8 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 8. Postcranial remains of Eucyon khoikhoi SAM-PQL-40041 from Langebaanweg. A, right distal fragment of the scapula: A1, lateral; A2, medial; A3, ventral views. B, right fragmentary humeral head: B1, caudal; B2. proximal views. C, left fragmentary radius, cranial view. D, right fragmentary ulna: D1, cranial; D2, medial; D3, caudal; D4, proximal views. E1, mounted hand comprising metacarpal II–V, and first, second and ungueal phalanges from the hand or foot, dorsal view; E2, metacarpal II–V, proximal view. F, left magnum: F1, medial; F2, dorsal; F3, lateral views. G, left pyramidal: G1, lateral; G2, medial views. H, right ectocuneiform: H1, lateral; H2, medial; H3, proximal views. I, first phalange: I1, dorsal; I2, lateral; I3, palmar/plantar; I4. proximal views. J, second phalange: J1, dorsal; J2, lateral; J3, palmar/plantar; J4. proximal views. K, ungueal phalange: K1, lateral; K2, dorsal; K3, proximal views. Scale bar equals 5 cm (A1–E1), and 2 cm (E2–K3).

Figure 2 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 2. Upper dentition of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A, SAM-PQL-31272, holotype, details of the dentition, occlusal view. B, SAM-PQL-24976B, right I3: B1, buccal; B2, distal; B3. lingual views. C, SAM-PQL-24976A, left C: C1, buccal; C2, distal; C3, lingual views, D. SAM-PQL-15526B, left P2: D1, buccal; D2, lingual; D3, occlusal views. E, SAM-PQL-15184B, left P4: E1, buccal; E2, lingual; E3, mesial; E4, occlusal views. F, SAM-PQL-72203, fragmentary right P4: occlusal view. G, SAM-PQL-72204, fragmentary left P4, occlusal view. H, SAM-PQL-72205, fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. I, SAM-PQL-72207, left fragmentary right P4, occlusal view. J, SAM-PQL-72215 (paratype), right maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. K, SAM-PQL-L69621B, left maxillary with M1–2, occlusal view. L, SAM-PQL-72208, right M1, occlusal view. M, SAM-PQL-50497, left M1, occlusal view. N, SAM-PQL-15588B/C, right M1, occlusal view. O, SAM-PQL-15219 B, left M1, occlusal view. P, SAM-PQL- 15705A, left M2, occlusal view. Q, SAM-PQL- 72217, right M2, occlusal view. R, SAM-PQL-72206, left M2, occlusal view. Scale bar 2 cm.

Figure 7 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 7. Humeri and radii of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. A–C, SAM-PQL-31272. A–B, left fragmentary humerus, A1–5 (left) and B (right). A1, cranial; A2, lateral; A3, caudal; A4, medial; and A5, distal views; B, distal view; C, right radius; C1, proximal; C2, distal; C3, cranial; C4, caudal views. D, SAM-PQL-20424, right fragmentary humerus: D1, cranial; D2, lateral; D3, caudal views. E, SAM-PQL-23331, right radius: E1, proximal; E2, distal; E3, cranial; E4, lateral; E5, caudal; E6, medial views. Scale bar equals 5 cm.

Figure 1 in Eucyon khoikhoi sp. nov. (Carnivora: Canidae) from Langebaanweg 'E' Quarry (early Pliocene, South Africa): the most complete African canini from the Mio-Pliocene

Figure 1. Skull of Eucyon khoikhoi from Langebaanweg. Individual SAM-PQL-31272 (holotype). A, left side; B, right side; C, dorsal view; D, ventral view; E, rostral view; F, caudal view. Scale bar equals 5 cm.