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14 results for “Eumorpha”
Data from: A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots
Many insects possess conspicuous external circular ring markings that resemble the eye of a vertebrate. These 'eyespots' typically function to startle or otherwise deter predators, but few studies have examined how eyespots have evolved. We study the evolution of the posterior larval eyespot in the charismatic New World hawkmoth genus Eumorpha. While Eumorpha has a range of posterior larval eyespot shapes and sizes, little is known of how this trait has evolved because phylogenetic relationships of Eumorpha remain largely unknown. In this study, we included 62 individuals from 23 of 26 described Eumorpha species, and sequenced four genes (CAD, EF-1α, Wingless and COI), totaling 3773 base pairs. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods produced largely congruent trees with well-supported relationships. Our analyses reveal that Eumorpha probably had an ancestor with a posterior larval eyespot and that the eyespot was subsequently lost in at least three lineages. Eumorpha appears to have originated in Central and South America and expanded its distribution to North America.
FIGURE 12 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 12. Eumorpha analis, with (a) and without (b) pink spots occurring in the Cerrado of Maranh"o State. The spots are indicated by the red arrows. scale 10mm.
FIGURE 11 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 11. Morphology of the genitalia of Eumorpha obliquus species complex. (a-d) Eumorpha obliquus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903) (a) sac, (b) valva, (c) saccular process, (d) aedeagus, (e-h) Eumorpha orientis (Daniel, 1949) (e) sac, (f) valva, (g) saccular process, (h) aedeagus.
FIGURE 10 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 10. Morphology of the habitus of Eumorpha obliquus species complex. (a, b) Eumorpha obliquus (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903). (a) dorsal view of the habitus, (b) ventral view of the habitus, (c, d) Eumorpha orientis (Daniel, 1949). (c) dorsal view of the habitus, (d) ventral view of the habitus. scale 10mm.
FIGURE 9 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 9. Morphology of the genitalia of Eumorpha analis species complex. (a-d) Eumorpha analis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903). (a) sac, (b) valva, (c) saccular process, (d) aedeagus, (e-h) Eumorpha aff. analis (a) (e) sac, (f) valva, (g) saccular process, (h) aedeagus, (i–p) Eumorpha aff. analis (b) (i) sac, (j) valva, (k) saccular process, (l) aedeagus (m–p) variation of morphology, (q–t) Eumorpha megaeacus (Ḩbner, [1819]) (q) sac, (r) valva, (s) saccular process, (t) aedeagus.
FIGURE 8 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 8. Morphology of the habitus of Eumorpha analis species complex. (a, b) Eumorpha analis (Rothschild & Jordan, 1903). (a) dorsal view of the habitus; (b) ventral view of the habitus; (c, d) Eumorpha aff. analis (a) (c) dorsal view of the habitus; (d) ventral view of the habitus, (e, h) Eumorpha aff. analis (b) (e, g) dorsal view of the habitus; (f, h) ventral view of the habitus, (i, j), Eumorpha megaeacus (Ḩbner, [1819]). (i) dorsal view of the habitus; (j) ventral view of the habitus. scale 10mm.
FIGURE 6 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 6. Morphology of the habitus of Eumorpha anchemolus (Cramer, 1779). (a, c, e) dorsal view of the habitus; (b, d, f) ventral view of the habitus. scale 10mm
FIGURE 7 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 7. Morphology of the genitalia of Eumorpha anchemolus (Cramer, 1779). (a) sac, (b) valva, (c) saccular process, (d) aedeagus, (e–l) variation in morphology.
FIGURE 4 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 4. Maranh"o State map with points in the collecting municipalities and their respective biomes.
FIGURE 1 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Morphology of the habitus of Eumorpha obliquus: (a) - Dorsal view; DB: Discal bar; H: Head; DSP: Discal stripe; SBS: Submarginal stripe; DS: Discal spot; SP: Subapical Patch, TS: Triangular spot; YS: "Y" spot; Tl: Tegulae. (b)—Ventral view. P: Palpi. scale 10mm.
FIGURE 3 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Male genitalia of Eumorpha anchemolus (Cramer, 1779). Vs: Vesica, Ed: Aedeagus Un: Uncus, Va: Valva, SP: Saccular Process, Sac: Sacculus, S: Sac.
FIGURE 2 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Alar structure. (a) Alar division following (Camargo et al. 2018). (b) Alar venation (following Rafael et al. 2012).
Data from: A molecular phylogeny of Eumorpha (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) and the evolution of anti-predator larval eyespots
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FIGURE 5 in Complexes of species of Eumorpha Hübner [1807] (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Maranhão State, Brazil
FIGURE 5. Distribution map of the Eumorpha analis, Eumorpha anchemolus and Eumorpha obliquus complexes in the Maranh"o State.
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