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Fig. 3 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 3. Labeled endocast of hyaenodont mammal Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965) NMB Em12 (holotype) from?Egerkingen γ (Switzerland), MP13. Reconstruction in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and right lateral (A3) views. Nerves: II (ophthalmic), III (oculomotor), IV (pathetic), V1 (first branch of the trigeminal nerve), V2 (second branch of the trigeminal nerve), VI (abducens).

Fig. 6 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 6. Bivariate plot representing relative premolar size (RPS) versus relative blade length (RBL) for some selected hyaenodonts from the Eocene of Europe. Abbreviations: C., Cartierodon; E., Eurotherium, H., Hyaenodon, M., Matthodon, P., Prodissopsalis.

Fig. 2 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 2. Digital model of Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965), NMB Em12 (holotype) from?Egerkingen γ (Switzerland), MP13?, with in situ endocast (A2, blue). Encephalization quotient.—The encephalization quotient (EQ) is brain size divided by expected body size for an average mammal of the same body size. As a ratio, it can be used to compare brain sizes among specimens with different body masses (Bertrand et al. 2017). All the EQs herein have first been estimated using the methodology provided by Jerison (1970, 1973); this equation has previously been used to calculate the EQ of Hyaenodon and Cynohyaenodon (Jerison 1973; Radinsky 1977, 1978). The equation is: EQ = E / 0.12 P0.67; where E equals volume of the encephalon in cm3; P, body mass in grams. For the purposes of comparison, we also calculated EQ using the equation provided by Eisenberg (1981): EQ = E / 0.055 P0.74, where E is the volume of the encephalon (in cm3) and P corresponds to body mass

Fig. 5 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 5. Hyaeonodont mammal Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965) from?Egerkingen γ (Switzerland),?MP13. A. NMB.Em12 (holotype) in right lateral (A1), right lateral view with close-up of posterior part (A2), and occipital (A3) views. D. NMB.En120 right mandible bearing p3–p4 and m1–m3 in labial view.

Fig. 1 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 1. Geographic position of the fossiliferous locality of Egerkingen (A) in northwest Switzerland (B) (redrawn from Becker 2003: fig. 3-1).

Fig. 4 in Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian

Fig. 4. Schematic evolution through time of the size of the endocast of several hyaenodonts. Red, lateral sulcus; green, suprasylvia; blue, ectosylvia. Endocast morphology has been modified from Radinsky (1977) except that of Proviverra typica Rütimeyer, 1862 (Dubied et al. 2019a) and Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965) (present paper). The endocasts are not to scale. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Solé et al. (2020).

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Fig. 1 in Blastocystis occurrence and subtype diversity in wild European terrestrial mammals - The case of Białowieza˙Primeval Forest (NE Poland)

Fig. 1. Study area with localization and number of Blastocystis-positive and Blastocystis-negative animals of particular mammalian species.

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Fig. 2 in Blastocystis occurrence and subtype diversity in wild European terrestrial mammals - The case of Białowieza˙Primeval Forest (NE Poland)

Fig. 2. Bayesian inference tree based on fragment of sequences obtained from the small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) of Blastocystis isolates of the present study, performed using MrBayes 3.2.7a. The Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown adjacent to branch nodes.

Fig. 2 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 2. Belgicasorex ramboeri, Lower Oligocene, Hoogbutsel, Belgium, IRSNB−M−1903 (holotype). Right maxillary with P4–M2, in labial (A), occlusal (B), and lingual (C) views.

Fig. 3 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 3. Belgicasorex ramboeri, Lower Oligocene, Hoogbutsel, Belgium, IRSNB−M−1904, right M3 in occlusal view.

Fig. 10 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 10. Microhyus reisi, Antunes, Estravis, and Russell, 1987, early Ypresian, Silveirinha, Portugal (inverse SEM micrographs of epoxy resin casts). A. Right calcaneus UNLSNC−682 in (A1) dorsal, (A2) medial, (A3) plantar, (A4) lateral, (A5) proximal, and (A6) distal views. B. Right astragalus UNLSNC−674 in proximal view. C. Right astragalus UNLSNC−671 in (C1) distal, (C2) dorsal, (C3) medial, (C4) plantar, and (C5) lateral views.

Fig. 7 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 7. Bivariate plot of width versus length (in mm) of upper (A) and lower (B) molars and upper (C) and lower (D) premolars of Microhyus reisi.

Fig. 8 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 8. Coefficients of variation of length and width measurements of premolars and molars of Microhyus reisi.

Fig. 6 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 6. Microhyus reisi, Antunes, Estravis, and Russell, 1987, early Ypresian, Silveirinha, Portugal (SEM micrographs of epoxy resin casts and interpretative drawings showing some aspects of the variability of the species); all teeth in occlusal view. A. Right DP3, UNLSNC−122. B. Right DP4, UNLSNC−346. C. Right P3, UNLSNC−80. D. Left P4, UNLSNC−111. E. Left P4, UNLSNC−118. F. Left M1, UNLSNC−199. G. Left M1, UNLSNC−156. H. Right M1, UNLSNC−465. I. Right M1, UNLSNC−194. J. Right M2, UNLSNC−8. K. Right M2, UNLSNC−139.

Fig. 4 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the mandible of Microhyus reisi based primarily on UNLSV3−3, UNLSV3−418, UNLSNC−11, UNLSNC−87, and UNLSNC−153.

Fig. 2 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 2. Microhyus musculus Teilhard de Chardin, 1927, earliest Ypresian, Dormaal, Belgium (SEM micrographs). A. Left p4, IRSNB M1336 in labial (A1) and occlusal (A2) views. B. Left m1, IRSNB M1337 in labial (B1) and occlusal (B2) views. C. Right m2, IRSNB M1338 in labial (C1) and occlusal (C2) views. D. Left m3, IRSNB M1339 in labial (D1) and occlusal (D2) views. E. Left p2, IRSNB M1340 in labial (E1) and occlusal (E2) views. F. Right DP4, IRSNB M1341 in labial (F1) and occlusal (F2) views. G. Holotype, left M1, IRSNB M115 in labial (G1) and occlusal (G2) views. H. Right M3, IRSNB M1342 in labial (H1) and occlusal (H2) views.

Fig. 3 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 3. Microhyus reisi Antunes, Estravis, and Russell, 1987, early Ypresian, Silveirinha, Portugal (SEM micrographs of epoxy resin casts). A. Right m1–m3, UNLSNC−11 in occlusal (A1, stereophotographs) and labial (A2) views. B. Right m2, UNLSNC−216 in occlusal view. C. Right m1, UNLSNC−35 in occlusal view. D. Holotype, left p3–m1, UNLSV3−3 in labial (D1) and occlusal (D2) views. E. Left p2, UNLSNC−153, with c, p1 and p3 alveoli in lingual (E1) and occlusal (E2) views. F. Right Dp4–m1, UNLSNC−155, in occlusal (F1, stereophotographs) and labial (F2) views.

Fig. 5 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 5. Microhyus reisi, Antunes, Estravis, and Russell, 1987, early Ypresian, Silveirinha, Portugal (SEM micrographs of epoxy resin casts). A. Right P4–M2, UNLSNC−14 in occlusal view (stereophotographs). B. Right M3, UNLSNC−626. C. Right P4–M3, UNLSNC−205 in occlusal (C1) and labial (C2) views.

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Text-fig. 3 Comparison of various stratigraphic subdivisions: European (ELMA), North American (NALMA) (Hilgen et al. 2012) and Chinese (CLMA) (Qiu Zhanxiang et al. 2013, Qiu Zhuding et al. 2013) Land Mammal Ages and Eastern Paratethys stages. in Comments On The Age And Dispersal Of Microtoscoptini (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Text-fig. 3 Comparison of various stratigraphic subdivisions: European (ELMA), North American (NALMA) (Hilgen et al. 2012) and Chinese (CLMA) (Qiu Zhanxiang et al. 2013, Qiu Zhuding et al. 2013) Land Mammal Ages and Eastern Paratethys stages.

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Fig. 1 in Dental and tarsal morphology of the European Paleocene/Eocene "condylarth" mammal Microhyus

Fig. 1. Location of the localities of Hoogbutsel (1) and Boutersem TGV (2).