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30 results for “Evolutionary fitness”
Data from: Evolutionary potential and constraints in an aposematic species: Genetic correlations between warning coloration and fitness components in wood tiger moths
<p>Phenotypic data and pedigrees of two laboratory populations of wood tiger moths (<em>Arctia plantaginis</em>) of Finnish (=FIN) and Estonian (=EST) ancestry.</p> <p><strong>Pedigree: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>sire = Father<br>dam=mother</p> <p><strong>Pheno.data: </strong><br>ID: individual identifier<br>Sex: 1=male; 2=female<br>hatchingdate: date when larva hatched<br>pupadate: date of pupation<br>adultdate: date of exclusion<br>Pupa.Weight: weight of pupa [mg]<br>Female.Colour = hindwing colour of females. In this species hindwing colour in females varies continuously from yellow to red. It was quantified by visual matching of hinwdings against a colour scale ranging from 1 = yellow to 6 = red. <br>Signal.Size = larva signal size. Larvae show an orange patch of variable size on the back of their black body. The size is given as number of segments<br>Egg.N = egg number produced by the individual<br>Off.N = offspring number. Larvae were counted 2-3 weeks after egg laying</p> <p> </p>
Science ready spectra and their best-fitting models described in the research paper ``Internal dynamics and stellar content of nine ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Coma cluster prove their evolutionary link with dwarf early-type galaxies'' by Chilingarian et al.
<p>Science ready spectra of nine ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Coma cluster collected with the Binospec multi-object spectrograph and their best-fitting PEGASE.HR templates obtained using the NBursts full spectrum fitting code. These spectra were presented in the paper ``Internal dynamics and stellar content of nine ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Coma cluster prove their evolutionary link with dwarf early-type galaxies'' by Chilingarian et al. accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal on Sep/3/2019 (arXiv:1901.05489).</p> <p>Each spectrum is presented as a binary FITS table, which contains a spectrum (wavelength, flux, uncertainties), best-fitting template, best-fitting parameters (radial velocity, age, metallicity), and a pixel mask used in the fitting procedure. For six galaxies there are two files provided: (i) one-dimensional optimally extracted integrated spectrum and (ii) two dimensional spectrum for spatially resolved radial velocity information. For the remaining three galaxies, only spatially resolved spectra are provided.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance – the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The evolution of resistance to drugs and pesticides poses a major threat to human health and food security. Neonicotinoids are highly effective insecticides used to control agricultural pests. They target the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and mutations of the receptor that confer resistance have been slow to develop, with only one field-evolved mutation being reported to date. This is an arginine to threonine substitution at position 81 of the nAChR_β1 subunit in neonicotinoid resistant aphids. To validate the role of R81T in neonicotinoid resistance and to test whether it may confer any significant fitness costs to insects, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to introduce an analogous mutation in the genome of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Flies carrying R81T showed an increased tolerance (resistance) to neonicotinoid insecticides, accompanied by a significant reduction in fitness. In comparison, flies carrying a deletion of the whole nAChR_α<em>6</em> subunit, the target-site of spinosyns, showed an increased tolerance to this class of insecticides but presented almost no fitness deficits.</p>
The evolutionary advantage of fitness-dependent recombination in diploids: a deterministic mutation–selection–balance model
<p>Recombination's omnipresence in nature is one of the most intriguing problems in evolutionary biology. The question of why recombination exhibits certain general features is no less interesting than that of why it exists at all. One such feature is recombination's fitness dependence (FD). The so far developed population-genetics models have focused on the evolution of FD recombination mainly in haploids, although the empirical evidence for this phenomenon comes mostly from diploids. Using numerical analysis of modifier models for infinite panmictic populations, we show here that FD recombination can be evolutionarily advantageous in diploids subjected to purifying selection. We ascribe this advantage to the differential rate of disruption of lower- vs higher-fitness genotypes, which can be manifested in selected systems with at least three loci. We also show that if the modifier is linked to such selected system, it can additionally benefit from modifying this linkage in a fitness-dependent manner. The revealed evolutionary advantage of FD recombination appeared robust to crossover interference within the selected system, either positive or negative. Remarkably, FD recombination was often favored in situations where any constant non-zero recombination was evolutionarily disfavored, implying a relaxation of the rather strict constraints on major parameters (e.g., selection intensity and epistasis) required for the evolutionary advantage of non-zero recombination formulated by classical models.</p>
Strong selective environments determine evolutionary outcome in time-dependent fitness seascapes
<p>The impact of fitness landscape features on evolutionary outcomes has attracted considerable interest in recent decades. However, evolution often occurs under time-dependent selection in so-called fitness seascapes where the landscape is under flux. Fitness seascapes are an inherent feature of natural environments, where the landscape changes owing both to the intrinsic fitness consequences of previous adaptations and extrinsic changes in selected traits caused by new environments. The complexity of such seascapes may curb the predictability of evolution. However, empirical efforts to test this question utilising a comprehensive set of regimes are lacking. Here we employed an in vitro microbial model system to investigate differences in evolutionary outcomes between time-invariant and -dependent environments, including all possible temporal permutations, with three subinhibitory antimicrobials and a viral parasite (phage) as selective agents. Expectedly, time-invariant environments caused stronger directional selection for resistances compared to time-dependent environments. Intriguingly, however, multidrug resistance outcomes in both cases were largely driven by two strong selective agents (rifampicin and phage) out of four agents in total. These agents either caused cross-resistance or obscured the phenotypic effect of other resistance mutations, modulating the evolutionary outcome overall in time-invariant environments and as a function of exposure epoch in time-dependent environments. This suggests that identifying strong selective agents and their pleiotropic effects is critical for predicting evolution in fitness seascapes, with ramifications for evolutionarily informed strategies to mitigate drug resistance evolution. </p>
The evolutionary dynamics and fitness landscape of clonal hematopoiesis
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The evolutionary advantage of fitness-dependent recombination in diploids: a deterministic mutation–selection–balance model
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Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance – the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster
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Strong selective environments determine evolutionary outcome in time-dependent fitness seascapes
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Phenology, growth, and fitness of Arabidopsis under ambient and elevated CO2 and in the presence/absence of competitors: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Phenology, growth, and fitness of Arabidopsis under ambient and elevated CO2: Arabidopsis BioCON evolutionary study
We know a lot about the potential ecological effects of increasing concentrations to atmospheric CO2; however, we know relatively little about whether increased concentrations will also affect evolution. In collaboration with Jennifer Lau (KBS and Michigan State University), Peter Reich (U of MN Forestry) and Ruth Shaw (U of MN EEB) we are using a combination traditional quantitative genetic and QTL approaches to determine the effect elevated CO2 has on; patterns of selection, responses to selection, and the genetic basis of phenotypic variation.
Evolutionary "crowdsourcing": alignment of fitness landscapes allows for cross-species adaptation of a horizontally transferred gene
<p>This repository accompanies the publication of <i><strong>Evolutionary "crowdsourcing": alignment of fitness landscapes allows for cross-species adaptation of a horizontally transferred gene</strong></i> by Kosterlitz et. al. This research project explores the cross-species adaptation of a horizontally transferred gene through evolutionary "crowdsourcing." The repository provides all relevant data, code, and figures associated with the publication, enabling users to replicate the results and explore the findings in-depth.</p>
Discussions of the not-so-fit: how ableism limits diverse thought and investigative potential in evolutionary biology
<p>Evolutionary biology and many of its foundational concepts are grounded in a history of ableism and eugenics. The field has not made a concerted effort to divest our concepts and investigative tools from this fraught history and as a result, an ableist investigative lens has persisted into present-day evolutionary research, limiting the scope of research and harming the ability to communicate and synthesize knowledge about evolutionary processes. This failure to divest from our eugenicist and ableist history has harmed progress in evolutionary biology and allowed principles from evolutionary biology to continue to be weaponized against marginalized communities in the modern-day. To rectify this problem, scholars in evolutionary research must come to terms with how the history of the field has influenced their investigations and work to establish a new framework for defining and investigating concepts, such as selection and fitness.</p>
Optimization of Cochlear Implant Fitting in Patients With Functional Contralateral Hearing Using an Evolutionary Algorithm.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04888143. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Discussions of the not-so-fit: how ableism limits diverse thought and investigative potential in evolutionary biology
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Learning protein fitness models from evolutionary and assay-labeled data
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Data from: Selection, genome-wide fitness effects and evolutionary rates in the model legume Medicago truncatula
Sequence data for >20 000 annotated genes from 56 accessions of Medicago truncatula were used to identify potential targets of positive selection, the determinants of evolutionary rate variation and the relative importance of positive and purifying selection in shaping nucleotide diversity. Based upon patterns of intraspecific diversity and interspecific divergence, c. 50–75% of nonsynonymous polymorphisms are subject to strong purifying selection and 1% of the sampled genes harbour a signature of positive selection. Combining polymorphism with expression data, we estimated the distribution of fitness effects and found that the proportion of deleterious mutations is significantly greater for expressed genes than for genes with undetected transcripts (nonexpressed) in a previous RNA-seq experiment and greater for broadly expressed genes than those expressed in only a single tissue. Expression level is the strongest correlate of evolutionary rates at nonsynonymous sites, and despite multiple genomic features being significantly correlated with evolutionary rates, they explain less than 20% of the variation in nonsynonymous rates (dN) and <15% of the variation in either synonymous rates (dS) or dN:dS. Among putative targets of selection were genes involved in defence against pathogens and herbivores, genes with roles in mediating the relationship with rhizobial symbionts and one-third of annotated histone-lysine methyltransferases. Adaptive evolution of the methyltransferases suggests that positive selection in gene expression may have occurred through evolution of enzymes involved in epigenetic modification.
Data from: Patterns of male fitness conform to predictions of evolutionary models of late-life
We studied lifetime male virility, a male fitness component, in five populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Virility was measured as the number of females, out of eight total, that a male could fertilize in 24 hours. Individual males were measured at weekly intervals until they died. Virility declined in an approximately linear fashion for the first three weeks of adult life. It then stayed low but relatively constant for another three weeks, exhibiting a clear plateau. These observations are consistent with the evolutionary theories of late-life.The results were not consistent with a simple heterogeneity theory of late-life. This is the first demonstration of a late-life plateau for a male fitness component. We also found that the virility of males that were within seven days of death was significantly lower than similarly aged males that were not about to die. This rapid deterioration of virility prior to death, or death spiral, is similar to a decline in fecundity that we had previously documented.
Evolutionary mechanisms underpinning fitness response to multiple stressors in Daphnia
<p>Multiple stressors linked to anthropogenic activities can influence how organisms adapt and evolve. So far, a consensus on how multiple stressors drive adaptive trajectories in natural populations has not been reached. Some meta-analysis reports show predominance of additive effects of stressors on ecological endpoints (e.g. fecundity, mortality), whereas others show synergistic effects more frequently. Moreover, it is unclear what mechanisms of adaptation underpin responses to complex environments.</p> <p>Here, we use populations of the crustacean <i>Daphnia magna</i> resurrected from different times in the past to investigate mechanisms of adaptation to multiple stressors, and to understand how historical exposure to environmental stress shapes adaptive responses of modern populations. Using common garden experiments on resurrected modern and historical populations, we investigate: i) whether exposure to one stress results in higher tolerance to a second stressor; ii) the mechanisms of adaptation underpinning long-term evolution to multistress (genetic evolution, plasticity, evolution of plasticity); and iii) the interaction effects of multiple stressors on fitness (synergism, antagonism, additivity). We measure the combined impact of different levels of resource availability (algae) and biocides on fitness-linked life history traits and interpret these results in light of historical environmental exposures. We show that exposure to one stressor can alter tolerance to a second stressors and that the interaction effect depends on the severity of either stressor. We also show that mechanisms of adaptation underpinning phenotypic evolution significantly differ in single stress and multistress scenarios. These adaptive responses are driven largely by synergistic effects on fecundity and size at maturity, and additive effects on age at maturity. Exposure to multiple stressors shifts the trade-offs among fitness-linked life history traits, with a stronger effect on <i>Daphnia </i>populations when low resource availability and high biocide levels are experienced. Our study indicates that mitigation interventions based on single stress analysis may not capture realistic threats.</p>
Data from: Comprehensive experimental fitness landscape and evolutionary network for small RNA
The origin of life is believed to have progressed through an RNA world, in which RNA acted as both genetic material and functional molecules. The structure of the evolutionary fitness landscape of RNA would determine natural selection for the first functional sequences. Fitness landscapes are the subject of much speculation, but their structure is essentially unknown. Here we describe a comprehensive map of a fitness landscape, exploring nearly all of sequence space, for short RNAs surviving selection in vitro. With the exception of a small evolutionary network, we find that fitness peaks are largely isolated from one another, highlighting the importance of historical contingency and indicating that natural selection would be constrained to local exploration in the RNA world.
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