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Dataset results
22 results for “Extinction Threat”
Effects of intolerance of uncertainty on subjective and psychophysiological measures during threat acquisition and delayed threat extinction
<p>This dataset includes measurements of intolerance of uncertainty (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale [Freeston et al., 1994]), trait anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [Spielberger et al., 1983]), skin conductance response (SCR), fear potentiated startle (FPS) and fear ratings (RAT) acquired in a differential fear conditioning paradigm with habituation and threat acquisition training on one day and extinction training, mood induction (by presenting negative vs. neutral slides), re-extinction training, reinstatement and reinstatement-test 24h later. Overall, 66 participants (female = 44, aged between 18 and 40 years, M = 25.76, SD = 5.82) took part in the study. Several participants had to be excluded due to technical issues (n = 3), non-responding (SCR: n = 2; auditory startle blink: n = 1) and no SCRs to the CSs (n = 1). Visual CSs were two shapes resembling snowflakes. The US consisted of a train of three 2 ms electrotactile square-waves (inter stimulus interval, ISI: 50 ms) and was delivered 7.9 s after each CS+ onset (100% reinforcement rate) during threat acquisition training and three times during reinstatement. The duration of the ITIs ranged from 10 to 13 s (M = 11.5). For SCR measurements, a 1 Hz lowpass filter and a gain of 5 or 10 μΩ were applied. SCR data were scored by using the semi-automatic scoring system Autonomate (Green et al., 2014), down sampled to 10 Hz and scored as the first response within 0.9 to 4 s after CS onset as SCR from trough to peak with a maximum rise time of 5 s. SCRs were square root transformed to reduce skew and z-scored within individuals across trials for day 1 and day 2 separately. To elicit the auditory startle blink, a 95 dB white noise burst was presented simultaneously on both ears. Startle probes were administered 6 or 8 s after the ITI-onset and 6 or 7 s after CS-onset. A gain of 5000 at 1000 Hz and a band-pass filter (28–500 Hz) were applied. Data were rectified and integrated online (averaged over 20 samples) and scored semi-automatically by using a custom-made computer program (EDA View, developed by Prof. Dr. Matthias Gamer, University of Würzburg) as trough to peak 20–120 ms after startle probe onset. For analyses, FPS data was z-scored within individuals across trials for day 1 and day 2 separately. To acquire fear ratings, participants rated throughout the experiment, how much stress, fear, and tension they experienced, when they last saw the CSs. Answers had to be logged in via button press within 7 s on a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from zero (answer = none) to 100 (answer = maximum). Unlogged ratings were considered as missing values.</p>
Fig. 3 in Genetic diversity and population structure of Brycon nattereri (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a Neotropical fish under threat of extinction
Fig. 3. Haplotype network based on partial sequencing of the D-loop region (mtDNA) of 92 individuals of Brycon nattereri from the Laranjinha River. Circle sizes are pro- portional to haplotype frequency.
Spatiophylogenetic modelling of extinction risk reveals evolutionary distinctiveness and brief flowering period as threats in a hotspot plant genus
Comparative models used to predict species threat status can help to identify diagnostic features of species at risk. Such models often combine variables measured at the species level with spatial variables, causing multiple statistical challenges, including phylogenetic and spatial non-independence. We present a novel Bayesian approach for modelling threat status that simultaneously deals with both forms of non-independence and estimates their relative contribution, and we apply the approach to modelling threat status in the Australian plant genus Hakea. We find that after phylogenetic and spatial effects are accounted for, species with greater evolutionary distinctiveness and a shorter annual flowering period are more likely to be threatened. The model allows us to combine information on evolutionary history, species biology, and spatial data, to calculate latent extinction risk (potential for non-threatened species to become threatened), estimate the most important drivers of risk for individual species, and map spatial patterns in the effects of different predictors on extinction risk. This could be of value for proactive conservation decision-making based on the early identification of species and regions of potential conservation concern.
Extinction dynamics under extreme conservation threat: The flora of St. Helena
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The flora of the island of St Helena provides an amplified system for the study of extinction by reason of the island's high endemism, small size, vulnerable biota, length of time of severe disturbance (since 1502) and severity of threats. Endemic plants have been eliminated from 96.5% of St Helena by habitat loss. There are eight recorded extinctions in the vascular flora since 1771 giving an extinction rate of 581 extinctions per million species per year (E/MSY). This is considerably higher than background extinction rates, variously estimated at 1 or 0.1 E/MSY. We have no information for plant extinctions prior to 1771 but applying the same extinction rate to the period 1502 to 1771 suggests that there may be around ten unrecorded historical extinctions. We use census data and population decline estimates to project likely extinction forward in time. The projected overall extinction rate for the next 200 years is somewhat higher at 625 E/MSY. However, our data predict an extinction crunch in the next 50 years with 4 species out of the remaining 48 likely to become extinct during this period. It is interesting that during a period when the native plant areas dropped to 3.5% of the original, the extinction rate appears to have remained shallowly linear with under 30% of the endemic flora becoming extinct.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Spatiophylogenetic modelling of extinction risk reveals evolutionary distinctiveness and brief flowering period as threats in a hotspot plant genus
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Extinction dynamics under extreme conservation threat: The flora of St. Helena
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Characterizing the spatio-temporal threats, conservation hotspots and conservation gaps for the most extinction-prone bird family (Aves: Rallidae)
<p>Here we worked on the rails (bird family Rallidae), looking at whether the current threats are consistent with those that led to recent extinctions, and ultimately, what conservation actions might be necessary to mitigate further losses. We undertook a global synthesis of the temporal and spatial threat patterns for Rallidae and determined conservation priorities and gaps.</p>
Data from: Diversity patterns of native and exotic fish species suggest homogenization processes, but partly fail to highlight extinction threats
Exotic species are a major threat to biodiversity and have modified native communities worldwide. Invasion processes have been extensively studied, but studies on species richness and beta diversity patterns of exotic and native species are rare. We investigate such patterns among exotic and native fish communities in upland and lowland rivers to explore their relationship with environmental drivers. Location: Northern Italy. Exotic and native fish beta diversity patterns were investigated separately in lowland and upland sites using Local Contribution to Beta Diversity (LCBD) and Species Contribution to Beta Diversity (SCBD) analyses. To examine the main environmental variables affecting the LCBD, a Boosted Regression Trees (BRT) method was used. Community dispersion among and within stream orders was investigated with the PERMDISP test. In lowland sites, exotic species richness was higher than native species richness, especially in large rivers and drainage canals. An opposite trend was found in upland sites, where native species richness was higher than exotic species richness, especially in large rivers. No clear LCBD patterns were found along stream orders in the lowland, whereas higher stream orders in the upland showed the highest LCBD. Its patterns in upland and lowland sites were related with a number of factors, such as total suspended solids and total phosphorus. Community dispersion among stream orders did not show a relationship with environmental heterogeneity. SCBD values were positively correlated with species occupancy in the study area and native species showed higher SCBD values than exotic species only in the uplands. Main conclusions: Large rivers in the uplands are important in maintaining native fish diversity and should be protected against invasive fish. In contrast, most lowland rivers have suffered from biological homogenization. Some rare native species can show low contribution to beta diversity, but still need conservation actions due to their risk of local extinction.
FIGURES 17–19 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 17–19. Acizzia keithi, sp. nov. (17), Male terminalia (lateral aspect); (18), paramere (inner face, lateral aspect); (19), female terminalia, (lateral aspect). Scale = 0.2 mm.
FIGURES 11–16 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 11–16. Acizzia keithi, sp. nov. (11), Head, male, (dorsal aspect, slide); (12), habitus, male, (dorsal aspect); (13), habitus, female, (dorsal aspect); (14), habitus, male (lateral aspect); (15), habitus, female (lateral aspect); (16), forewing, male. Scale = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 7–10 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 7–10. Acizzia veski, sp. nov. (7), Male terminalia (lateral aspect); (8), paramere (inner face, lateral aspect); (9), female terminalia, (lateral aspect); (10), fifth (final) instar nymph (ventral aspect, left; dorsal aspect right). Scale = 0.2 mm in Figs 7–9, 0.5 mm in Fig. 10.
FIGURES 1–6 in In threat of co-extinction: two new species of Acizzia Heslop-Harrison (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) from vulnerable species of Acacia and Pultenaea
FIGURES 1–6. Acizzia veski, sp. nov. (1), Head, male, (dorsal aspect, from slide); (2), habitus, male, (dorsal aspect); (3), habitus, female, (dorsal aspect); (4), habitus, male (lateral aspect); (5), habitus, female (lateral aspect); (6), forewing, male. Scale = 0.5 mm.
Geographic range size, water temperature and extrinsic threats predict the extinction risk in global cetaceans
<p><span>Despite that cetaceans provide significant ecological contributions to the health and stability of aquatic ecosystems, they are highly endangered with nearly one-third of species assessed as threatened with extinction. Nevertheless, to date, few studies have explicitly examined the patterns and processes of extinction risk and threats for this taxon, and even less between the two subclades (Mysticeti and Odontoceti). To fill this gap, we compiled a dataset of six intrinsic traits (active region, geographic range size, body weight, diving depth, school size and reproductive cycle), six environmental factors relating to sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration, and two human-related threat indices that are commonly recognized for cetaceans. We then employed phylogenetic generalized least square (PGLS) models and model selection to identify the key predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans, as well as in the two subclades. We found that geographic range size, sea surface temperature and human threat index were the most important predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans and in odontocetes. Interestingly, maximum body weight was positively associated with the extinction risk in mysticetes, but negatively related to that for odontocetes. By linking seven major threat types to extinction risk, we further revealed that fisheries bycatch was the most common threat, yet the impacts of certain threats could be overestimated when considering all species rather than just threatened ones. Overall, we suggest that conservation efforts should focus on small-ranged cetaceans and species living in warmer waters or under strong anthropogenic pressures. Moreover, further studies should consider the extinction risk of species when superimposing risk maps and quantifying risk severity. Finally, we emphasize that mysticetes and odontocetes should be conserved with different strategies, because their extinction risk patterns and major threat types are </span><span>considerably</span><span> different. For instance, large-bodied mysticetes and small-ranged odontocetes require special conservation priority.</span></p>
Data from: Correlates of extinction risk in squamate reptiles: the relative importance of biology, geography, threat and range size
Aim Evaluating the relative roles of biological traits and environmental factors that predispose species to an elevated risk of extinction is of fundamental importance to macroecology. Identifying species that possess extinction-promoting traits allows targeted conservation action before precipitous declines occur. Such analyses have been carried out for several vertebrate groups, with the notable exception of reptiles. We identify traits correlating with high extinction risk in squamate reptiles, assess whether these differ with geography, taxonomy and threats, and make recommendations for future Red List assessments. Location Global. Methods We collected data on biological traits and environmental factors for a representative sample of 1139 species of squamate reptiles. We used phylogenetically controlled regression models to identify general correlates of extinction risk, threat-specific correlates of risk and realm-specific correlates of risk. We also assessed the relative importance of range size versus other factors through multiplicative bivariate models, partial regressions and variance partitioning. Results Range size was the most important predictor of extinction risk, reflecting the high frequency of reptiles assessed under range-based IUCN criteria. Habitat specialists occupying accessible ranges were at a greater risk of extinction: although these factors never contributed more than 10% to the variance in extinction risk, they showed significant interactions with range size. The predictive power of our global models ranged from 23% to 29%. The general overall pattern remained the same among geographical, taxonomic and threat-specific data subsets. Main conclusions Proactive conservation requires shortcuts to identify species at high risk of extinction. Regardless of location, squamate reptiles that are range-restricted habitat specialists living in areas highly accessible to humans are likely to become extinct first. Prioritizing species that exhibit such traits could forestall extinction. Integration of data sources on human pressures, such as accessibility of species ranges, may aid robust and time-efficient assessments of species extinction risk.
Data from: Correlates of extinction risk in squamate reptiles: the relative importance of biology, geography, threat and range size
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Data from: Diversity patterns of native and exotic fish species suggest homogenization processes, but partly fail to highlight extinction threats
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Characterizing the spatio-temporal threats, conservation hotspots and conservation gaps for the most extinction-prone bird family (Aves: Rallidae)
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Geographic range size, water temperature and extrinsic threats predict the extinction risk in global cetaceans
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Biological traits of seabirds predict extinction risk and vulnerability to anthropogenic threats
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Fig. 4. Mismatch distribution for mitochondrial haplotypes for 92 in Genetic diversity and population structure of Brycon nattereri (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a Neotropical fish under threat of extinction
Fig. 4. Mismatch distribution for mitochondrial haplotypes for 92 individuals of Brycon nattereri from the Laranjinha River.
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