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10 results for “Fenestrulina”
Data from: Bryozoan genera Fenestrulina and Microporella no longer confamilial; multi-gene phylogeny supports separation
Bryozoans are a moderately diverse, mostly marine phylum with a fossil record extending to the early Ordovician. Compared to other phyla, little is known about their phylogenetic relationships at both lower and higher taxonomic levels. Hence, an effort is being made to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among bryozoans. Here, we present newly sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 21 cheilostome bryozoans and compile these with existing orthologous molecular data. Using these data, we focus on reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of Fenestrulina and Microporella, two species-rich genera. They are currently placed in a globally distributed family, Microporellidae, defined by having a semicircular primary orifice and a proximal ascopore, although there are indirect inferences in the morphological literature that suggest they might not be confamilial. Our six-gene phylogenetic analysis reveals that the genera Fenestrulina and Microporella are each monophyletic, with the sister clade to Microporella comprising non-microporellids. These genera thus have a polyphyletic relationship and should not be placed in the same family. Our result supports the reinstatement of the family Fenestrulinidae Jullien, 1888 for Fenestrulina and genera with comparable frontal shield and ooecial morphologies. Our well-supported phylogeny based on independent molecular data lends credit to existing phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological observations but does not conform to the current classification of these particular bryozoans. This illustrates the general need for a rethink of bryozoan higher-level systematics, ideally based on both morphological and molecular data.
FIGURES 13–19. Fenestrulina juani n in Bryozoa from detritic bottoms in the Menorca Channel (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean), with notes on the genus Cribellopora
FIGURES 13–19. Fenestrulina juani n. sp. 13, view of colony (holotype); 14, young colony showing bifurcate spines (MNCN–25.03/3821); 15, ovicellate and non ovicellate zooids (holotype); 16, different degrees of calcification of the ovicell (MNCN–25.03/3821); 17, autozooid showing development of ascopore rim (MNCN–25.03/3821); 18, 19, ancestrula and daughter zooid (MNHN–10382).
FIGURE 3. Fenestrulina commensalis n in A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 3. Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp. A, Part of colony with autozooids and ovicelled zooids; B, zooids with ovicells; C, close-up of orifice; note the small angular condyles in the proximolateral corners and the single distal spine base; D, closeup of ascopore and frontal pseudopores. E–F, abfrontal surface of colony with holes indicating the location of abfrontal pore chambers. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B,F, 0.15 mm; C,D, 0.05 mm; E 0.3 mm.
FIGURE 2. Fenestrulina commensalis n in A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 2. Fenestrulina commensalis n. sp. A–B, Colony on tube of tube-dwelling anemone Pachycerianthus sp.; C, abfrontal surface of the colony with abfrontal chitinous rhizoids. Scale bars: A, 0.6 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C, 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new Fenestrulina (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) commensal with tube-dwelling anemones (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) in the tropical southwestern Atlantic
FIGURE 1. Map with Brazilian states in the Tropical Southwestern Atlantic biogeographic province (in white) with the sampling area indicated (triangle).
FIGURES 13–15. Fenestrulina littoralis n in New bryozoan taxa from a new marine conservation area in New Zealand, with a checklist of Bryozoa from Greater Cook Strait
FIGURES 13–15. Fenestrulina littoralis n. sp. 13, Ovicelled and non-ovicelled zooids; notice the distinctive crest on the frontal shield and the ovicells; note also that the proximal pair of oral spines in one zooid is forked. 14, Zooids at the colony margin showing pore-chambers; 15, Distal end of an autozooid showing orificial condyles and the double sets of radiated pores between each pair of spine bases. Scale bars: Figs 13–15 = 100 µm.
FIGURE 14. Fenestrulina curviscutum n in New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark
FIGURE 14. Fenestrulina curviscutum n. sp., HOLOTYPE. A, PORTION OF A COLONY; B, DETAIL OF THE PRIMARY ORIFICE WITH THE SUbORAL ASCOPORE; C, TWO OVICELLS; D, DETAIL OF THE OVICELL. SCALE bARS: A, C, 500 ΜM; B, 100 ΜM; D, 200 ΜM.
FIGURE 15. Fenestrulina multiflorum n in New deep Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) species from the Southwestern Atlantic: shedding light in the dark
FIGURE 15. Fenestrulina multiflorum n. sp., HOLOTYPE. A, PORTION OF A COLONY; B, DETAIL OF THE ZOOID; C, DETAIL OF A FLOWER-LIKE (STELLATE) PORE; D, PRIMARY ORIFICE WITH FIVE SPINES; E, ASCOPORE. SCALE bARS: A, 500 ΜM; B, D, 100 ΜM; C, E, 10 ΜM.
Data from: Bryozoan genera Fenestrulina and Microporella no longer confamilial; multi-gene phylogeny supports separation
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Fig. 37. A–D. Fenestrulina malusii. A in Northern Adriatic Bryozoa From The Vicinity Of Rovinj, Croatia
Fig. 37. A–D. Fenestrulina malusii. A. General aspect (AMNH 975; 0.5 mm). B. Autozooid (AMNH 975; 0.1 mm). C. Maternal zooids with ovicells (AMNH 976; 0.1 mm). D. Ancestrula and early autozooids (AMNH 977; 0.1 mm). E–J. Microporella ciliata. E. Young colony encrusting Cellaria (AMNH 913; 0.5 mm). F. General aspect (AMNH 978; 0.5 mm). G. Ontogenetically young autozooid (AMNH 979; 0.1 mm). H. Maternal zooid with ovicell (AMNH 978; 0.1 mm). I. Autozooidal orifice (AMNH 980; 0.05 mm). J. Ancestrula (center) and early autozooids (AMNH 897; 0.1 mm)
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