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23 results for “Fire behavior”
Fire behavior dataset of Campos Amazônicos Fire Experiment (Amazonas, Brazil)
<p>This dataset presents fire behavior data related to the Campos Amazônicos Fire Experiment (CAFE) (Amazonas, Brazil) project. Located within a protected area within the largest enclave of tropical savanna in the Southern Amazon, CAFE comprises a careful and systematic experimental design that was conceived from the start to evaluate satellite observations and their potential and limitations in studying spatial and temporal fire dynamics in tropical savannas.</p> <p>More information about the experimental design can be found in the following publication:</p> <p>Alves, D. B.; Fidelis, A.; Pérez-Cabello, F.; Alvarado, S. T.; Conciani, D. E.; Cambraia, B. C.; Silveira, A. L. P.; Silva, T. S. F. Impact of Image Acquisition Lag-Time on Monitoring Short-Term Postfire Spectral Dynamics in Tropical Savannas: the Campos Amazônicos Fire Experiment. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing v. 16, n. 3 (2022) - <a href="https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.16.034507">https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JRS.16.034507</a></p> <p>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p> <p>August 08, 2022 - Version 1.0 includes data from 24 experimental fires carried out in 2019 (12 in Early-Dry Season - EDS; 12 in Middle-Dry Season - MDS), each corresponding to a plot of 1 hectare (100x100 meters). Controlled burning occurred during two separate field campaigns in 2019, the first between May 19th and 25th, and the second between August 22nd and 26th. The files available include: i) a table (Fire_behavior_dataset.csv) that contains the fire parameters calculated for each experimental fire performed; ii) a text file (List_of_variables.rtf), which details each variable available in the table.</p> <p>_________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p> <p>We thank the management team of the Campos Amazônicos National Park, and in particular to its Fire Brigade (squad leaders José Furtado Neto, Genaldo Júnior, Ademilton Carvalho, Simei Limoeiro, José Alexandre Medeiros, Antonio Machado and Leandro Lacerda, and on behalf of them to all other members of the brigade), who ensure safe burning of all fire experiments (SISBIO license number 67210-5). This work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, grant numbers 2019/07357-8; 2015/06743-0); the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq, grant numbers 154660/2018-3; 441968/2018-0; 303988/2018-5)</p>
Data from: Has gene expression neofunctionalization in the fire ant antennae contributed to queen discrimination behavior?
<p>Queen discrimination behavior in the fire ant <i>Solenopsis invicta</i> maintains its two types of societies: colonies with one (monogyne) or many (polygyne) queens, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is poorly understood. This behavior is controlled by two supergene alleles, <i>SB</i> and <i>Sb,</i> with ~600 genes. Polygyne workers, having either the <i>SB/SB</i> or <i>SB/Sb </i>genotype, accept additional <i>SB/Sb</i> queens into their colonies but kill <i>SB/SB</i> queens. In contrast, monogyne workers, all <i>SB/SB</i>, reject all additional queens regardless of genotype. Because the <i>SB</i> and <i>Sb</i> alleles have suppressed recombination, determining which genes within the supergene mediate this differential worker behavior is difficult. We hypothesized that the alternate worker genotypes sense queens differently because of the evolution of differential expression of key genes in their main sensory organ, the antennae. To identify such genes, we sequenced RNA from four replicates of pooled antennae from three classes of workers: monogyne <i>SB/SB</i>, polygyne <i>SB/SB,</i> and polygyne <i>SB/Sb</i>. We identified 81 differentially expressed protein-coding genes with 13 encoding potential chemical metabolism or perception proteins. We focused on the two odorant perception genes: an odorant receptor<i> SiOR463</i> and an odorant binding protein <i>Si</i><i>OBP12</i>. We found that <i>SiOR463</i> has been lost in the <i>Sb</i>-genome. In contrast, <i>SiOBP12</i> has an <i>Sb</i>-specific duplication, <i>SiOBP12b'</i>, which is expressed in the <i>SB/Sb</i> worker antennae, while both paralogs are expressed in the body. Comparisons with another fire ant species revealed that <i>SiOBP12b'</i> antennal expression is specific to <i>S. invicta</i> and suggests that queen discrimination may have evolved, in part, through expression neofunctionalization.</p>
Hippocampal firing fields anchored to a moving object predict homing direction during path-integration-based behavior
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Data from: Has gene expression neofunctionalization in the fire ant antennae contributed to queen discrimination behavior?
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Fire-driven behavioral response to smoke in a Mediterranean lizard
<p>The evolutionary role of fire in animals has been poorly explored. Reptiles use sensory cues such as smell (chemoreception) to detect threats and flee. In Mediterranean ecosystems, fire is a threat faced by reptiles. We hypothesized that the Mediterranean lizard <i>Psammodromus algirus</i> recognizes the threat of fire by detecting the smoke, which triggers a behavioral response that enhances survival in fire-prone ecosystems. We predicted that lizards from fire-prone ecosystems will be more sensitive to fire stimulus than those from ecosystems that rarely burn. We conducted a terrarium experiment in which lizards from habitats with contrasted fire regimes (fire-prone vs. non-fire-prone) were exposed to smoke vs. control (false smoke) treatment. We found that in populations from fire-prone habitats, more lizards reacted to smoke, and their behavioral response was more intense than in lizard populations from non-fire-prone habitats. Our results suggest that an enhanced response to smoke may be adaptive in lizards from fire-prone ecosystems as it increases the chance for survival. We provide evidence that fire is likely an evolutionary driver shaping behavioral traits in lizard populations exposed to frequent wildfires. Understanding ecological and evolutionary processes shaping animal populations is relevant for species conservation in a changing fire regime world.</p>
Fires_Behavior_resume
<p>Fire behavior resume for Martorell, Santa Coloma Queralt, Torroella, Pobla Massaluca, Llançà, Alfarràs and Sierra Bermeja fires (Spain). The differences in the data shown respond to the possibility of launching sondes, recreating isochrones, and observing the plume column during each fire.</p> <p>In those cases where the information was obtained through these three ways, the variables available are: column type, ABL and LCL height (m), sonde ID, rate of spread (km/h), ROS observed / ROS expected ratio, fireline intensity expected and observed (kW/m), and affected area (ha).</p>
Data from: Colony-level behavioral variation correlates with differences in expression of the foraging gene in red imported fire ants
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Fire regimes and pollinator behavior explain the genetic structure of Puya hamata (Bromeliaceae) rosette plants
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Fire-driven behavioral response to smoke in a Mediterranean lizard
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Restoration and fuel hazard reduction result in equivalent reductions in Crown fire behavior in dry conifer forests
<p>Over the past several decades, the management of historically frequent-fire forests in the western U.S. has received significant attention due to the linked ecological and social risks posed by the increased occurrence of large, contiguous patches of high-severity fire. As a result, efforts are underway to simultaneously reduce potential fire and fuel hazards and restore characteristics indicative of historical forest structures and ecological processes that enhance the diversity and quality of wildlife habitat across landscapes. Despite widespread agreement on the need for action, there is a perceived tension among scientists concerning silvicultural treatments that modify stands to optimally reduce potential fire behavior (fuel hazard reduction) versus those that aim to emulate historical forest structures and create structurally complex stands (restoration). In this work, we evaluated thinning treatments in the Black Hills National Forest that exemplify the extremes of a treatment continuum that ranges from fuel hazard reduction to restoration. The goal of this work was to understand how the differing 3-dimensional stand structures created by these treatment approaches altered potential fire behavior. Our results indicate that restoration treatments created higher levels of vertical and horizontal structural complexity than the fuel hazard reduction treatments but resulted in similar reductions to potential crown fire behavior. There were some tradeoffs identified as the restoration treatments created larger openings which generated faster mean rates of fire spread; however, these increased spread rates did not translate to higher levels of canopy consumption. Overall, our results suggest that treatments can create vertical and horizontal complexity desired for restoration and wildlife habitat management while reducing fire hazard and that they can be used in concert with traditional fuel hazard reduction treatments to reduce landscape scale fire risk. We also provide some suggestions to land managers seeking to design and implement prescriptions that emulate historical structures and enhance forest complexity.</p>
Data from: Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon
<p>Anthropogenic understory fires have affected large areas of tropical forest in recent decades, particularly during severe droughts. Yet, the mechanisms that control fire-induced mortality of tropical trees and lianas remain ambiguous due to the challenges associated with documenting mortality given variation in fire behavior and forest heterogeneity. In a seasonally dry Amazon forest, we conducted a burn experiment to quantify how increasing understory fires alter patterns of stem mortality. From 2004 to 2007, tree and liana mortality was measured in adjacent 50-ha plots that were intact (B0 – control), burned once (B1), and burned annually for 3 years (B3). After 3 years, cumulative tree and liana mortality (≥1 cm dbh) in the B1 (5.8% yr<sup>−1</sup>) and B3 (7.0% yr<sup>−1</sup>) plots significantly exceeded mortality in the control (3.2% yr<sup>−1</sup>). However, these fire-induced mortality rates are substantially lower than those reported from more humid Amazonian forests. Small stems were highly vulnerable to fire-induced death, contrasting with drought-induced mortality (measured in other studies) that increases with tree size. For example, one low-intensity burn killed >50% of stems <10 cm within a year. Independent of stem size, species-specific mortality rates varied substantially from 0% to 17% yr<sup>−1</sup> in the control, 0% to 26% yr<sup>−1</sup> in B1, and 1% to 23% yr<sup>−1</sup> in B3, with several species displaying high variation in their vulnerability to fire-induced mortality. <em>Protium guianense</em> (Burseraceae) exhibited the highest fire-induced mortality rates in B1 and B3, which were 10- and 9-fold greater than the baseline rate. In contrast, <em>Aspidosperma excelsum</em> (Apocynaceae), appeared relatively unaffected by fire (0.3% to 1.0% mortality yr<sup>−1</sup> across plots), which may be explained by fenestration that protects the inner concave trunk portions from fire. For stems ≥10 cm, both char height (approximating fire intensity) and number of successive burns were significant predictors of fire-induced mortality, whereas only the number of consecutive annual burns was a strong predictor for stems <10 cm. Three years after the initial burn, 62 ± 26 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> (s.e.) of live biomass, predominantly stems <30 cm, was transferred to the dead biomass pool, compared with 8 ± 3 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup> in the control. This biomass loss from fire represents ∼30% of this forest's aboveground live biomass (192 (±3) Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>; >1 cm DBH). Although forest transition to savanna has been predicted based on future climate scenarios, our results indicate that wildfires from agricultural expansion pose a more immediate threat to the current carbon stocks in Amazonian forests.</p>
Restoration and fuel hazard reduction result in equivalent reductions in Crown fire behavior in dry conifer forests
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Data from: Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon
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Fire Behavior: Biodiversity II: Effects of Plant Biodiversity on Population and Ecosystem Processes
Biodiversity II (E120) is designed to determine how the number of plant species affects the dynamics of ecological processes at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. By experimentally manipulating the number of species and the kinds of species, the amount of plant growth and the change from year to year, that result can be examined. Plots are large (9m x 9m actively maintained) and well-replicated, allowing responses of plant pathogens, insect herbivores, seed predators, soil parameters, invasive plant species and other variables to also be studied. Plots were seeded in May 1994 to have 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 species, with roughly 30 replicates of each diversity level. The species composition of each plot was chosen by random draw from a pool of 18 grassland perennials that included four warm-season (C4) grasses, four cool-season (C3) grasses, four legumes, four non-legume forbs, and two woody species. All species occur in monoculture allowing comparison of responses of each species in monoculture to combinations of these same species. The experiment was established in 1994 by the lead investigators David Tilman, Peter Reich, Johannes Knops, and David Wedin. Experiment 120 is similar to Experiment 123, but it uses larger plots to provide a large capacity for long-term subexperiments.
Data from: "Worker queens"? Behavioral flexibility, juvenile hormone binding protein and Vitellogenin in queens of the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata
<p>Many species of social Hymenoptera demonstrate behavioral flexibility, where older workers that typically forage can revert to younger worker tasks, such as nursing, when these are absent. This flexibility is typical of the sterile worker class, yet rare in queens. In the little fire ant (<i>Wasmannia auropunctata</i>) queens have been reported to perform only egg laying. We examined behavior of queens of <i>W. auropunctata</i> after demographic manipulation. When half of the workers were removed from the colony, queens were observed caring for eggs, larvae and pupae as well as eating outside of the nest, like forager workers. We examined the relationship between these atypical queen behaviors and their juvenile hormone binding protein (JHbp) and vitellogenin (Vg) expression via QRT-PCR method. JHbp and Vg expression decreased when queens were performing worker tasks, resembling the expected expression pattern of typical sterile workers. Flexibility in queen behaviors in the little fire ant may be an important adaptation to changing environments. As a significant invasive species, such adaptation may increase the probability of colony survival during propagation. Our results not only present new insights in behavioral flexibility in social insects, but also increases our understanding of the success of this significant invasive species. </p>
Data from: Fuel moisture content enhances nonadditive effects of plant mixtures on flammability and fire behavior
Fire behavior of plant mixtures includes a complex set of processes for which the interactive contributions of its drivers, such as plant identity and moisture, have not yet been unraveled fully. Plant flammability parameters of species mixtures can show substantial deviations of fire properties from those expected based on the component species when burnt alone; that is, there are nonadditive mixture effects. Here, we investigated how fuel moisture content affects nonadditive effects in fire behavior. We hypothesized that both the magnitude and variance of nonadditivity in flammability parameters are greater in moist than in dry fuel beds. We conducted a series of experimental burns in monocultures and 2‐species mixtures with two ericaceous dwarf shrubs and two bryophyte species from temperate fire‐prone heathlands. For a set of fire behavior parameters, we found that magnitude and variability of nonadditive effects are, on average, respectively 5.8 and 1.8 times larger in moist (30% MC) species mixtures compared to dry (10% MC) mixed fuel beds. In general, the moist mixtures caused negative nonadditive effects, but due to the larger variability these mixtures occasionally caused large positive nonadditive effects, while this did not occur in dry mixtures. Thus, at moister conditions, mixtures occasionally pass the moisture threshold for ignition and fire spread, which the monospecific fuel beds are unable to pass. We also show that the magnitude of nonadditivity is highly species dependent. Thus, contrary to common belief, the strong nonadditive effects in mixtures can cause higher fire occurrence at moister conditions. This new integration of surface fuel moisture and species interactions will help us to better understand fire behavior in the complexity of natural ecosystems.
Data from: Intraspecific variation among social insect colonies: persistent regional and colony-level differences in fire ant foraging behavior
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Data from: Fuel moisture content enhances nonadditive effects of plant mixtures on flammability and fire behavior
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Data from: “Worker queens”? Behavioral flexibility, juvenile hormone binding protein and Vitellogenin in queens of the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata
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Gene regulation linked to plasticity in queen weight and behavior reveals candidates for supergene-mediated genetic accommodation in the fire ant
GEO Series GSE253281. Solenopsis invicta. 32 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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