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67 results for “Fire management”
Long-term response of wetland plant communities to management intensity, grazing abandonment, and prescribed fire
Isolated, seasonal wetlands within agricultural landscapes are important ecosystems. However, they are currently experiencing direct and indirect effects of agricultural management surrounding them. Because wetlands provide important ecosystem services, it is crucial to determine how these factors affect ecological communities. Here, we studied the long-term effects of land use intensification, cattle grazing, prescribed fires, and their interactions on wetland plant diversity, community dynamics, and functional diversity. To do this, we used vegetation and trait data from a 14-year-old experiment on 40 seasonal wetlands located within semi-natural and intensively managed pastures in Florida. These wetlands were allocated different grazing and prescribed fire treatments (grazed vs. ungrazed; burned vs. unburned). Our results showed that wetlands within intensively managed pastures have lower native plant diversity, floristic quality, evenness, higher non-native species diversity, and exhibited the most resource-acquisitive traits. Wetlands embedded in intensively managed pastures were also characterized by lower species turnover over time. We found that 14 years of cattle exclusion reduced species diversity in both pasture management intensities and had no effect on floristic quality. Fenced wetlands exhibited lower functional diversity and experienced a higher rate of community change both due to an increase in tall, clonal, and palatable grasses. The effects of prescribed fires were often dependent on grazing treatment. For instance, prescribed fires increased functional diversity in fenced wetlands but not in grazed wetlands. Our study suggests that cattle exclusion and prescribed fires are not enough to restore wetlands in intensively managed pastures and further highlights the importance of not converting semi-natural pastures to intensively managed pastures. Our study also suggests that grazing levels applied in semi-natural pastures maintained high plant dive
Supporting data for managing fire-prone forests in a time of decreasing carbon carrying capacity
<p>These data and code include surface fuels and prescribed fire emissions data from the Teakettle Experimental Forest in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. These data include transect data of surface fuels and the emissions from a 2017 prescribed burn. Emissions from the prescribed burn were calculated using a stock change approach by subtracting pre-burn surface fuels from post-burn surface fuels. We used these data and a Monte Carlo simulation approach to estimate the frequency of prescribed burning required to reduce surface fuels following a widespread overstory tree mortality event.</p>
Managing multiple threats: Evaluating the efficacy of broad-scale introduced predator management in improving native mammal resilience to fire
<p>Preventing further biodiversity loss requires understanding which processes threaten biodiversity and the effectiveness of management actions in mitigating them. Threatening processes can interact in complex and unexpected ways, but different threats are often managed independently. Here, we develop a conceptual model to identify the conditions needed for management of a single threat to achieve a net conservation benefit in systems with multiple interacting threats, and demonstrate its relevance in a replicated case-study experiment. In Australia, introduced red foxes (<em>Vulpes vulpes</em>) and feral cats (<em>Felis catus</em>) may hunt vulnerable native mammals more effectively after fire, due to loss of understory vegetation. However, the efficacy of broad-scale control of introduced predators in improving native mammal resilience to fire has not been quantified. Moreover, many studies assessing the impacts of prescribed fire on species rely on a much smaller number of independent replicates. Using a natural before-after control-impact experiment with 14 prescribed fires, each > 200 ha, we tested whether existing landscape-scale fox baiting programs influenced the immediate effects of prescribed fire on these two introduced predators and five medium-sized native mammals, including the threatened long-nosed potoroo (<em>Potorous tridactylus</em>) and southern brown bandicoot (<em>Isoodon obesulus</em>). Fox occupancy increased across both treatments post-fire, but baiting reduced the magnitude of increase. In contrast, mean feral cat occupancy remained constant in unbaited areas post-fire, but nearly doubled in fox-controlled areas, possibly due to a mesopredator release. Existing landscape-scale fox control programs did not clearly improve the short-term resilience of native mammals to prescribed fire (at least under the current fire and fox management regimes in our study landscapes). These results likely emphasise the need to integrate fire and predator management strategies for threatened faunal conservation iIn the presence of acute disturbances such as fire, threatened native mammals may require more intensive and integrated management of fire and introduced predators, such as (e.g., through more intensive targeted predator controlbaiting around fire events, or intensive protection usingthrough natural or artificial refuges).</p>
Data from: A burning issue: Savanna fire management can generate enough carbon revenue to help restore Africa's rangelands and fill Protected Area funding gaps
<p>Many savanna-dependent species in Africa including large herbivores and apex predators are at increasing risk of extinction. Achieving effective management of protected areas (PAs) in Africa where lions live will cost an estimated USD >$1-2 B/year in new funding. We explored the potential for fire management-based carbon-financing programs to fill this funding gap and benefit degrading savanna ecosystems. We demonstrated how introducing early dry season fire management programs could produce potential carbon revenues (PCR) from either a single carbon-financing method (avoided emissions) or from multiple sequestration methods ranging from USD $59.6-$655.9 M/year (at USD $5/ton) or USD $155.0 M–$1.7 B/year (at USD $13/ton). We highlighted variable but significant PCR for savanna PAs from USD $1.5–$44.4 M/year per PA. We suggest investing in fire management programs to jump-start the United Nations Decade of Ecological Restoration to help restore degraded African savannas and conserve imperiled keystone herbivores and apex predators. <br> <br> Open Access article: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.013</a></p>
Karuk ecological fire management practices promote elk habitat in Northern California
<p>After a century of fire suppression and accumulating fuel loads in North American forests, prescribed burns are increasingly used to prevent conditions leading to catastrophic megafire. There is widespread evidence that prescribed fire was used by Indigenous communities to manage natural and cultural resources tribes for thousands of years. Wildlife habitat is an example of an ecological response that was actively managed with prescribed burns by Indigenous American peoples and is an important factor in western U.S. forest management planning, restoration and climate resilience efforts. We analyzed the effects of modern prescribed burns informed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on the predicted change in elk winter habitat in Karuk aboriginal territory in Northern California between 2013 and 2018 using species distribution and simultaneous autoregressive modeling techniques. Burn types most closely resembling Karuk traditional practices, specifically those incorporating multiple-year broadcast burns, had significant positive effects on elk winter habitat suitability. Conversely, concentrated burns focused solely on reducing fuel loads had significant negative effects on elk winter habitat suitability. However, areas where these fuel-reduction burns were combined with multiple years of broadcast burns featured the highest increases in habitat. Our results suggest that transitioning to prescribed burns that more closely follow Karuk TEK will promote elk habitat in the region. This would be best achieved through continuing to work closely with Indigenous representatives to plan and implement cultural fire prescriptions on a landscape-scale, a trend we posit would benefit environmental management efforts across the globe.</p>
Fig. 1 in Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Burden) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), abundance and arthropod community diversity affected by pasture management
Fig. 1. Mean ± SE Solenopsis invicta mound abundance (A) and mound area (B) in adaptive multi-paddock and conventionally grazed (CG) pastures (n = 6). Statistical analysis was conducted using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), *α = 0.05.
Data and code for: Roost selection by male northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) in a managed fire-adapted forest
<p>Data and code for: Roost selection by male northern long-eared bats (<em>Myotis septentrionalis</em>) in a managed fire-adapted forest</p>
Supporting data for managing fire-prone forests in a time of decreasing carbon carrying capacity
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Karuk ecological fire management practices promote elk habitat in Northern California
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Can wildland fire management alter 21st-century subalpine fire and forests in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA
In subalpine forests of the western United States that historically experienced infrequent, high-severity fire, whether fire management can shape 21st-century fire regimes and forest dynamics to meet natural resource objectives is not known. Managed wildfire use (i.e., allowing lightning-ignited fires to burn when risk is low instead of suppressing them) is one approach for maintaining natural fire regimes and fostering mosaics of forest structure, stand age, and tree-species composition, while protecting people and property. However, little guidance exists for where and when this strategy may be effective with climate change. We simulated most of the contiguous forest in Grand Teton National Park, WY to ask: (1) How would subalpine fires and forest structure be different if fires had not been suppressed during the last three decades? (2) What is the relative influence of climate change versus fire management strategy on future fire and forests? We contrasted fire and forests from 1989-2098 under two fire management scenarios (managed wildfire use and fire suppression), two general circulation models (CNRM-CM5 and GFDL-ESM2M), and two representative concentration pathways (8.5 and 4.5). We found little difference between management scenarios in the number, size, or severity of fires during the last three decades. With 21st-century warming, fire activity increased rapidly, particularly after 2050, and followed nearly identical trajectories in both management scenarios. Area burned per year between 2018-2099 was 1,700% greater than in the last three decades (1989-2017). Large areas of forest were abruptly lost; only 65% of the original 40,178 ha of forest remained by 2098. However, forests stayed connected and fuels were abundant enough to support profound increases in burning through this century. Our results indicate that strategies emphasizing managed wildfire use, rather than suppression, will not alter climate-induced changes to fire and forests in subalpine land
Can we manage a future with more fire? Effectiveness of defensible space treatment depends on housing amount and configuration
Context: Fire in forested wildland urban interface (WUI) landscapes is increasing throughout the western United States. Spatial patterns of fuels treatments affect fire behavior, but it is unclear how fire risk and fuel treatment effectiveness will change under future conditions. Objectives: (1) How do area burned, forest and fuel characteristics, and fire risk change over time under 21st-century climate? (2) When defensible space fuels treatments are applied around all houses, which scenarios of WUI housing amount and configuration minimize fire risk? Methods: In generic 10,000-ha US Northern Rocky Mountain subalpine forest landscapes, we simulated 21 scenarios differing in fuels treatment, housing amount and configuration (neutral landscape models), and projected future climate using the process-based model iLand. We compared fire risk at three scales: 1-ha home ignition zone (HIZ), 9-ha safe suppression zone (SSZ), and landscape. Results: Under warm-dry climate, annual area burned increased, but area burned at high fire intensity peaked in the 2060s and then declined sharply; fire risk followed similar trends. Defensible space treatments maintained low flame lengths in HIZs. Clustered housing was more effective at reducing SSZ risk compared to dispersed housing. At landscape scales, treating more of the landscape reduced fire risk but configuration was unimportant. Conclusions: The most effective strategy for reducing fire risk depends on the scale at which risk is assessed. Clustering WUI developments and treating between 10 to 30% of the landscape every 10 years can reduce fire risk across multiple scales.
Data from: Upland Sandpipers select for later time since fire and experience high nest survival in grasslands managed with patch-burn grazing
<p>Upland Sandpipers (<em>Bartramia longicauda</em>) are a grassland obligate shorebird that nests in dense vegetation structure near recently disturbed areas and could benefit from management practices that promote heterogenous vegetation structure. Although, Upland Sandpipers primary breeding range is generally managed for livestock production using traditional practices that lack patchy disturbances to facilitate higher levels of structural heterogeneity. Patch-burn grazing (PBG) could be an alternative management practice for Upland Sandpiper conservation for its ability to create areas of dense vegetation structure near recently disturbed areas. However, limited information is available regarding nest production of Upland Sandpipers within a PBG framework. To assess the compatibility of PBG with Upland Sandpiper conservation, we estimated nest site selection and survival of Upland Sandpiper nests on private lands managed with PBG in the unglaciated plains region of North Dakota. We located 59 nests from 2017–2020. Upland Sandpipers avoided 1 year since fire (YSF) patches and selected for 2 and 3 YSF patches for nest sites. Additionally, nest site selection decreased with increased bare ground and at intermediate distances to the nearest Upland Sandpiper nest. Upland Sandpipers experienced high overall nest survival during the study with 51 of 59 nests successfully hatching, which limited our ability to make inferences between daily survival rates and variables of interest. Our findings suggest that PBG can provide suitable nesting cover for Upland Sandpipers in later YSF patches despite annual prescribed fire and livestock grazing during the nesting season. PBG seems a suitable grassland management strategy that should be included in conservation planning within Upland Sandpiper's breeding distribution.</p>
Data for: Fire season and time since fire determine AM fungal trait responses to fire management
<p><strong>Rationale:</strong> AM fungi are common mutualists in grassland and savanna systems that are adapted to recurrent fire disturbance. This long-term adaptation to fire means that AM fungi display disturbance associated traits which are useful for understanding environmental and temporal effects on AM fungal community assembly. </p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this work, we evaluated how fire driven ecological selection on AM fungal spore traits varies with fire season (Fall vs. Spring) and time since fire. We tested this by analyzing AM fungal spore traits (e.g., colorimetric, sporulation, and size) from a fire regime experiment. </p> <p><span><span> </span></span><strong>Key results:</strong> Immediately following Fall and Spring fires, spore pigmentation darkened; however, this did not mediate the observed differences between Fall burned and no burn communities. Six months after Fall fires, spores in burned plots were lower in volume, produced less color rich pigment, and had higher sporulation rates, and these differences in spore traits were associated with shifts in AM fungal spore communities.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusion:</strong> This shows that AM fungal responses to fire vary based on season (stronger effects in the Fall) and with time since fire. Variation in AM fungal responses to fire time may reflect greater exposure to fire in Fall, when sporulation is highest.</p>
Fire danger indices historical data from the Copernicus Emergency Management Service
<p>June, July August consolidated data.</p> <p>Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2021.</p>
Species functional data and species distribution model projections for future land-use and fire management scenarios in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve Gerês-Xurés
<p>The data includes nine functional traits and species distribution model projections for 102 species of vertebrates (amphibians, birds, and reptiles) in the Transboundary Biosphere Reserve Gerês-Xurés. The model projections are available for 2050 under six different land-use and fire management scenarios, namely two land-use scenarios of “business-as-usual” (BAU; ongoing trends of land abandonment) and “High Nature Value farmlands” (HNV), each under three fire management scenarios (low suppression - LS, current fire suppression - CS, and high fire suppression - HS). The species distribution projections for each scenario are presented as matrices of species presences/absences, obtained after reclassifying consensus predictions of species distribution models.</p>
Data for: Using a demographic model to project the long-term effects of fire management on tree biomass in Australian savannas
<p>Tropical savannas are characterised by high primary productivity and high fire frequency, such that much of the carbon captured by vegetation is rapidly returned to the atmosphere. Hence, there have been suggestions that management-driven reductions in savanna fire frequency and/or severity could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon in tree biomass. However, a key knowledge gap is the extent to which savanna tree biomass will respond to modest shifts in fire regimes due to plausible, large-scale management interventions. Here, we: (1) characterise relationships between the frequency and severity of fires and key demographic rates of savanna trees, based on long-term observations in vegetation monitoring plots across northern Australia; (2) use these relationships to develop a process-explicit demographic model describing the effects of fire on savanna tree populations; and (3) use the demographic model to address the question: to what extent is it feasible, through the strategic application of prescribed burning, to increase tree biomass in Australian tropical savannas? Our long-term tree monitoring dataset included observations of 12,344 tagged trees in 236 plots, monitored for between 3 and 24 years. Analysis of this dataset showed that frequent high-severity fires significantly reduced savanna tree recruitment, survival and growth. Our demographic model suggested that: (1) despite the negative effects of frequent high-severity fires on demographic rates, savanna tree biomass appears to be suppressed by only a relatively small amount by contemporary fire regimes, characterised by a mix of low- to high-severity fires; and (2) plausible, management-driven reductions in the frequency of high-severity fires are likely to lead to increases in tree biomass of about 11.0 t DM ha<sup>–1</sup> (95% confidence interval: -1.2–20.8) over a century. Accounting for this increase in carbon storage could generate significant carbon credits, worth on average three times those generated annually by current greenhouse gas (methane and nitrous oxide) abatement projects, and has the potential to significantly increase the economic viability of fire/carbon projects, thereby promoting ecologically sustainable management of tropical savannas in Australia and elsewhere. This growing industry has the potential to bring much-needed economic activity to savanna landscapes, without compromising important natural and cultural values.</p>
Incorporating pyrodiversity into wildlife habitat assessments for rapid post-fire management: A woodpecker case study
<p>Spatial and temporal variation in fire characteristics – termed pyrodiversity – are increasingly recognized as important factors that structure wildlife communities in fire-prone ecosystems, yet there have been few attempts to incorporate pyrodiversity or post-fire habitat dynamics into predictive models of animal distributions and abundance to support post-fire management. We use the black-backed woodpecker – a species associated with burned forests – as a case study to demonstrate a pathway for incorporating pyrodiversity into wildlife habitat assessments for adaptive management. Employing monitoring data (2009–2019) from post-fire forests in California, we developed three competing occupancy models describing different hypotheses for habitat associations: (1) a static model representing an existing management tool, (2) a temporal model accounting for years since fire, and (3) a temporal-landscape model which additionally incorporates emerging evidence from field studies about the influence of pyrodiversity. Evaluating predictive ability, we found superior support for the temporal-landscape model, which showed a positive relationship between occupancy and pyrodiversity and interactions between habitat associations and years since fire. We incorporated this new temporal-landscape model into an RShiny application to make this decision-support tool accessible to decision-makers: <a href="https://birdpop.org/pages/bbwoPredPostFireDist.php">https://birdpop.org/pages/bbwoPredPostFireDist.php</a>.</p>
Fire severity as a key determinant of aboveground and belowground biological community recovery in managed even-aged boreal forests
<p><span>Changes in fire regime of boreal forests in response to climate warming are expected to impact post-fire recovery. However, quantitative data on how managed forests sustain and recover from recent fire disturbance are limited. </span></p> <p><span>Two years after a large wildfire in managed even-aged boreal forests in Sweden,</span><span> we investigated how recovery of aboveground and belowground communities, i.e., understory vegetation and soil microbial and faunal communities, responded to variation in the severity of soil (i.e., consumption of soil organic matter) and canopy fires (i.e., tree mortality). </span></p> <p><span>While fire overall enhanced diversity of understory vegetation through colonization of fire adapted plant species, it reduced the abundance and diversity of soil biota. We observed contrasting effects of tree- and soil-related fire severity on survival and recovery of understory vegetation and soil biological communities. </span><span>Severe fires that killed overstory <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> promoted a successional stage dominated by the mosses <em>Ceratodon purpureus</em> and <em>Polytrichum juniperum</em>, but reduced regeneration of tree seedlings and disfavoured the ericaceous dwarf-shrub<em> Vaccinium vitis-idaea</em> and the grass<em> Deschampsia flexuos</em>a. Moreover, high tree mortality from fire reduced fungal biomass and changed fungal community composition, in particular that of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and reduced the fungivorous soil Oribatida. In contrast, soil-related fire severity had little impact on vegetation composition, fungal communities and soil animals. Bacterial communities responded to both tree- and soil-related fire severity. </span></p> <p><span>Synthesis: Our results two years post-fire suggest that a change in fire regime from a historically low-severity ground-fire regime, with fires that mainly burns into the soil organic layer, to a </span><span>stand-replacing </span><span>fire regime with a high degree of tree mortality, as may be expected with climate change, is likely to impact the short-term recovery of stand structure and above- and belowground species composition of even-aged <em>P. sylvestris</em> </span><span>boreal forests.</span></p>
Low- and high-intensity fire in the riparian savanna: demographic impacts in an avian model species and implications for ecological fire management
<ol> <li><span>Climate change is driving changes in fire frequency and intensity, making it more urgent for conservation managers to understand how species and ecosystems respond. In tropical monsoonal savannas – Earth's most fire-prone landscapes – ecological fire management aims to prevent intense wildfires late in the dry season through prescribed low-intensity burns early in the dry season. Riparian habitats embedded within tropical savannas represent critical refuges for biodiversity, yet are particularly fire-sensitive. Better understanding of the impact of fire – including prescribed burns – on riparian habitats is therefore key but requires long-term detailed post-fire monitoring of species' demographic rates, as effects may persist and/or be delayed.</span></li> <li><span>We analyse impacts of (prescribed) low-intensity and (prescribed but escaped) high-intensity fire in northern Australian riparian and adjacent savanna habitat. We quantify multi-year impacts on density, survival, reproduction and dispersal of an Endangered riparian bird, the western purple-crowned fairy-wren (<em>Malurus coronatus coronatus</em>), in a well-studied individually-marked population.</span></li> <li><span>Following low-intensity fire, bird density was reduced by >20% in burnt compared to adjacent unburnt riparian habitat for ≥2.5 years. This was a result of reduced breeding success and recruitment for two years immediately following fire, rather than mortality or dispersal of adults.</span></li> <li><span>In contrast, high-intensity fire (in a dry year) resulted in a sharp decline in population density by 50% 2–8 months after fire, with no signs of recovery after 2.5 years. The decline in density was due to post-fire adult mortality, rather than dispersal. Breeding success of the (few) remaining individuals was low but not detectably lower than in unburnt areas, likely because breeding success was poor overall due to prevailing dry conditions.</span></li> <li> <span><em>Synthesis and applications</em>. </span><span>Even if there is no or very low mortality during fire, and no movement of birds away from burnt areas, both low- and high-intensity fire in the riparian zone reduce population density. However, the mechanism by which this occurs, and recovery time, differs with fire intensity. To minimise impacts of fire on riparian zones in tropical savannas, we suggest employing low-intensity prescribed burns under optimal conditions shortly after the breeding season.</span> </li> </ol>
Incorporating pyrodiversity into wildlife habitat assessments for rapid post-fire management: A woodpecker case study
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Allen Brain Atlas
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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