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21 results for “Fitness trade-off”
Data from: Pleiotropy alleviates the fitness costs associated with resource allocation trade-offs in immune signaling networks
<p>Many genes and signaling pathways within plant and animal taxa drive the expression of multiple organismal traits. This form of genetic pleiotropy instigates trade-offs among life-history traits if a mutation in the pleiotropic gene improves the fitness contribution of one trait at the expense of another. Whether or not pleiotropy gives rise to conflict among traits, however, likely depends on the resource costs and timing of trait deployment during organismal development. To investigate factors that could influence the evolutionary maintenance of pleiotropy in gene networks, we developed an agent-based model of co-evolution between parasites and hosts. Hosts comprise signaling networks that must faithfully complete a developmental program while also defending against parasites, and trait signaling networks could be independent or share a pleiotropic component as they evolved to improve host fitness. We found that hosts with independent developmental and immune networks were significantly more fit than hosts with pleiotropic networks when traits were deployed asynchronously during development. When host genotypes directly competed against each other, however, pleiotropic hosts were victorious regardless of trait synchrony because the pleiotropic networks were more robust to parasite manipulation, potentially explaining the abundance of pleiotropy in immune systems despite its contribution to life history trade-offs.</p>
Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities
<p><span>Alien plants experience novel abiotic conditions and interactions with native communities in the introduced area. Intra- and interspecific selection on functional traits in the new environment may lead to increased population growth with time since introduction (residence time). However, selection regimes might differ depending on the invaded habitat. Additionally, in high-competition habitats, a build-up of biotic resistance of native species due to accumulation of eco-evolutionary experience to aliens over time may limit invasion success. We tested if the effect of functional traits and the population dynamics of aliens depends on interspecific competition with native plant communities. We conducted a multi-species experiment with 40 annual Asteraceae that differ in residence time in Germany. We followed their population growth in monocultures and in interspecific competition with an experienced native community (varying co-existence times between focals and community). To more robustly test our findings, we used a naïve community that never co-existed with the focals. We found that high seed mass decreased population growth in monocultures but tended to increase population growth under high interspecific competition. We found no evidence for a build-up of competition-mediated biotic resistance by the experienced community over time. Instead, population growth of the focal species was similarly inhibited by the experienced and naïve community. By</span><span> comparing the effect of experienced and naïve communities on population dynamics over two years across a large set of species with a high variation in functional traits and residence time, </span><span>this study advances the understanding of the long-term dynamics of plant invasions. I</span><span>n our study system, population growth of alien species was not limited by</span> <span>an increase of competitive effects by native communities (one aspect of biotic resistance) over time. </span><span>Instead, invasion success of alien plants may be limited because initial spread in low-competition habitats requires different traits than establishment in high-competition habitats. </span></p>
Alien plant fitness is limited by functional trade-offs rather than a long-term increase in competitive effects of native communities
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Data from: Pleiotropy alleviates the fitness costs associated with resource allocation trade-offs in immune signaling networks
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Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance – the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The evolution of resistance to drugs and pesticides poses a major threat to human health and food security. Neonicotinoids are highly effective insecticides used to control agricultural pests. They target the insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and mutations of the receptor that confer resistance have been slow to develop, with only one field-evolved mutation being reported to date. This is an arginine to threonine substitution at position 81 of the nAChR_β1 subunit in neonicotinoid resistant aphids. To validate the role of R81T in neonicotinoid resistance and to test whether it may confer any significant fitness costs to insects, CRISPR/Cas9 was used to introduce an analogous mutation in the genome of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Flies carrying R81T showed an increased tolerance (resistance) to neonicotinoid insecticides, accompanied by a significant reduction in fitness. In comparison, flies carrying a deletion of the whole nAChR_α<em>6</em> subunit, the target-site of spinosyns, showed an increased tolerance to this class of insecticides but presented almost no fitness deficits.</p>
No evidence for schistosome parasite fitness trade-offs in the intermediate and definitive host - Phenotype dataset
<p>The present dataset contains all the phenotype data (.csv files) and R scripts used for data analysis, and to generated the figures (Figures 2 to 5) present in the manuscript entitled "No evidence for schistosome parasite fitness trade-offs in the intermediate and definitive host".</p> <p>The uploaded archive (.zip) contains 4 folders corresponding to the 4 Figures present in the manuscript (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5). Each folder contains the phenotype data tables (.csv files), a R script used to analyze the data and to generate the Figures and a readme file, explaining how the phenotype data tables are organized.</p>
Data from: Pigmentation and fitness trade-offs through the lens of artificial selection
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Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs of insecticide resistance – the fitness costs associated with target-site mutations in the nAChR of Drosophila melanogaster
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Larger bacterial populations evolve heavier fitness trade-offs and undergo greater ecological specialization
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In a nutshell, a reciprocal transplant experiment reveals local adaptation and fitness trade-offs in response to urban evolution in an acorn-dwelling ant
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Data from: Strong selection genome-wide enhances fitness trade-offs across environments and episodes of selection
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Data from: Evolution of fitness trade-offs in locally adapted populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens
Local adaptation seems to be common in natural systems, but the genetic causes of its evolution remain poorly understood. Here we characterize the genetic causes of trade-offs generating local adaptation in populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens that had previously been evolved for specialization on three different carbon resources. We measured the fitness effects of mutations that arose during selection in that environment and in alternative environments to quantify the degree of specialization. We find that all mutations are beneficial in the environment of selection and that those arising later during adaptation are associated with increasingly antagonistic effects in alternative environments compared with those arising earlier, consistent with a multioptima version of Fisher's geometric model of adaptation. We also find that fitness of pairs of beneficial mutations are consistently less than additive in selection environments, producing a pattern of diminishing returns, but are more variable in alternative environments, being either positive or negative. Finally, we find that mutations in genes associated with loss of motility are beneficial across all environments, whereas mutations involving other functions, such as gene regulation, had more variable effects, being more environment specific. Taken together, these results provide a detailed account of the genetics of specialization and suggest that the evolution of trade-offs associated with local adaptation may often result from the antagonistic effects of beneficial mutations substituted later in adaptation.
Data from: Fitness trade-offs explain low levels of persister cells in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Microbial populations often contain a fraction of slow-growing persister cells that withstand antibiotics and other stress factors. Current theoretical models predict that persistence levels should reflect a stable state in which the survival advantage of persisters under adverse conditions is balanced with the direct growth cost impaired under favourable growth conditions, caused by the nonreplication of persister cells. Based on this direct growth cost alone, however, it remains challenging to explain the observed low levels of persistence (<<1%) seen in the populations of many species. Here, we present data from the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa that can explain this discrepancy by revealing various previously unknown costs of persistence. In particular, we show that in the absence of antibiotic stress, increased persistence is traded off against a lengthened lag phase as well as a reduced survival ability during stationary phase. We argue that these pleiotropic costs contribute to the very low proportions of persister cells observed among natural P. aeruginosa isolates (3 × 10−8–3 × 10−4) and that they can explain why strains with higher proportions of persister cells lose out very quickly in competition assays under favourable growth conditions, despite a negligible difference in maximal growth rate. We discuss how incorporating these trade-offs could lead to models that can better explain the evolution of persistence in nature and facilitate the rational design of alternative therapeutic strategies for treating infectious diseases.
Data from: A quantitative survey of local adaptation and fitness trade-offs
The long history of reciprocal transplant studies testing the hypothesis of local adaptation has shown that populations are often adapted to their local environments. Yet many studies have not demonstrated local adaptation, suggesting that sometimes native populations are no better adapted than are genotypes from foreign environments. Local adaptation may also lead to trade-offs, in which adaptation to one environment comes at a cost of adaptation to another environment. I conducted a survey of published studies of local adaptation to quantify its frequency and magnitude and the costs associated with local adaptation. I also quantified the relationship between local adaptation and environmental differences and the relationship between local adaptation and phenotypic divergence. The overall frequency of local adaptation was 0.71, and the magnitude of the native population advantage in relative fitness was 45%. Divergence between home site environments was positively associated with the magnitude of local adaptation, but phenotypic divergence was not. I found a small negative correlation between a population's relative fitness in its native environment and its fitness in a foreign environment, indicating weak trade-offs associated with local adaptation. These results suggest that populations are often locally adapted but stochastic processes such as genetic drift may limit the efficacy of divergent selection.
Data from: Evolution of fitness trade-offs in locally adapted populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens
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Data from: A quantitative survey of local adaptation and fitness trade-offs
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Data from: Fitness trade-offs explain low levels of persister cells in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Data from: QTL mapping of freezing tolerance: links to fitness and adaptive trade-offs
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Data from: Mother and offspring fitness in an insect with maternal care: phenotypic trade-offs between egg number, egg mass and egg care
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Genomic Characterization of Adaptive Mutations that Effect Minimal Fitness Trade-offs in Evolved Clones of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
GEO Series GSE25081. Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 36 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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