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6 results for “Flower choice”
Artificial flowers as a tool for investigating multimodal flower choice in wild insects
<p>Flowers come in a variety of colours, shapes, sizes, and odours. Flowers also differ in the quality and quantity of nutritional rewards they provide to entice potential pollinators to visit. Given this diversity, generalist flower-visiting insects face the considerable challenge of deciding which flowers to feed on and which to ignore.</p> <p>Working with real flowers poses logistical challenges due to correlations between flower traits, maintenance costs, and uncontrolled variables. Here we overcome this challenge by designing multi-modal artificial flowers that varied in visual, olfactory, and reward attributes. We used artificial flowers to investigate the impact of seven floral attributes (three visual cues, two olfactory cues, and two rewarding attributes) on flower visitation and species richness. We investigated how flower attributes influenced two phases of the decision-making process: the decision to land on a flower, and the decision to feed on a flower.</p> <p>Artificial flowers attracted 890 individual insects representing 15 morphospecies spanning seven arthropod orders. Honeybees were the most common visitors accounting for 46% of visitors. Higher visitation rates were driven by the presence of nectar, the presence of linalool, flower shape, and flower colour, and was negatively impacted by the presence of citral. Species richness was driven by the presence of nectar, the presence of linalool, and flower colour. For hymenopterans, the probability of landing the artificial flowers was influenced by the presence of nectar or pollen, shape, and the presence of citral and/or linalool. The probability of feeding increased when flowers contained nectar. For dipterans, the probability of landing on artificial flowers increased when the flower was yellow and contained linalool. The probability of feeding increased when flowers contained pollen, nectar, and linalool.</p> <p>Our results demonstrate the multi-attribute nature of flower preferences and highlight the usefulness of artificial flowers as tools for studying flower visitation in wild insects.</p>
Artificial flowers as a tool for investigating multimodal flower choice in wild insects
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Data from: Nectar accessibility determines fitness, flower choice and abundance of hoverflies that provide natural pest control
1. In modern agricultural landscapes many organisms providing ecosystem services such as pollination and natural pest control are likely constrained by shortage of nectar and/or pollen required for adult nutrition. More and more flower-rich field margin strips and other habitats are created to eliminate these constraints. For most target organisms, however, it is not well known which (types of) flowers are effective in providing suitable pollen and nectar. 2. We studied the suitability of a wide range of flowers as a food source for zoophagous hoverflies (hoverflies with predatory larvae) at five different levels: nectar accessibility (based on flower morphology), realized adult fitness, flower choice (both based on cage experiments), flower visitation, and hoverfly abundance in mixed vegetation (both based on field observations). 3. Realized survival of Episyrphus balteatus is related to effective flower depth by a sigmoid function. The critical flower depth is 1.6 mm, which is less than the proboscis size of the hoverfly. For Asteraceae the critical floret depth is even less than 1.0 mm, which – in contrast to common knowledge – rules out most species within this family. 4. Both flower choice in the laboratory and flower visitation rates in the field are well correlated with nectar accessibility and realized adult survival. 5. In mixed floral vegetation the number of zoophagous hoverflies is highly correlated with the abundance of only those flowers that have accessible nectar for these hoverflies. 6. Synthesis and applications. This comparative study demonstrates that nectar (and not pollen) accessibility is the main driver determining flower resource suitability, flower choice and abundance of zoophagous hoverflies in arable field margins. The study identifies the limited range of plant species that can effectively support these beneficial insects. Preserving the right flowers in and around agricultural fields could enhance local populations and the pest control and pollination services they provide.
Data for: Spontaneous choices for insect-pollinated flower shapes by wild non-eusocial halictid bees
<p>The majority of angiosperms require animal pollination for reproduction and insects are the dominant group of animal pollinators. Bees are considered one of the most important and abundant insect pollinators. Research into bee behaviour and foraging decisions has typically centred on managed eusocial bee species, <i>Apis mellifera</i> and <i>Bombus terrestris</i>. Non-eusocial bees are understudied with respect to foraging strategies and decision-making, such as flower preferences. Understanding whether there are fundamental foraging strategies and preferences which are features of insect groups can provide key insights into the evolution of flower-pollinator co-evolution. In the current study, <i>Lasioglossum (Chilalictus) lanarium</i> and <i>L. </i>(<i>Parasphecodes</i>) sp., two native Australian generalist halictid bees, were tested for flower shape preferences between native insect-pollinated and bird-pollinated flowers. Each bee was presented with achromatic images of either insect-pollinated or bird-pollinated flowers in a circular arena. Both native bee species<b> </b>demonstrated a significant preference for images of insect-pollinated flowers. These preferences are similar to those found in <i>A. mellifera</i>, suggesting that flower shape preference may be a deep-rooted evolutionary occurrence within bees. With growing interest in the sensory capabilities of non-eusocial bees as alternative pollinators, the current study also provides a valuable framework for further behavioural testing of such species.</p>
Data for: Spontaneous choices for insect-pollinated flower shapes by wild non-eusocial halictid bees
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Data from: Nectar accessibility determines fitness, flower choice and abundance of hoverflies that provide natural pest control
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