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Figure 3 from: Mertens JEJ, Van Roie M, Merckx J, Dekoninck W (2017) The use of low cost compact cameras with focus stacking functionality in entomological digitization projects. ZooKeys 712: 141-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.712.20505

Figure 3 - Comparison of image quality between the compact camera (A) and the professional setup (B) with the specimen occupying the same proportion of the frame. A detail is shown below. The compact camera was set up 5 cm from the specimen with the optical zoom at 1×, 29 images (narrow setting) were manually stacked. The professional setup outperforms the compact camera, producing a sharper image when specimens larger than a few centimetres are set to fill the frame optimally.

Figure 4 from: Mertens JEJ, Van Roie M, Merckx J, Dekoninck W (2017) The use of low cost compact cameras with focus stacking functionality in entomological digitization projects. ZooKeys 712: 141-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.712.20505

Figure 4 - Images of different taxonomic groups, shot by the compact camera in manual mode (narrow setting). A large fruit-tree tortrix (Archips podana (Lepidoptera - Tortricidae)) B European paper wasp (Polistes dominula (Hymenoptera - Vespidae)), and C common earwig (Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera - Forficulidae)).

Figure 2 from: Mertens JEJ, Van Roie M, Merckx J, Dekoninck W (2017) The use of low cost compact cameras with focus stacking functionality in entomological digitization projects. ZooKeys 712: 141-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.712.20505

Figure 2 - Visualization of the variation in image quality, level of detail and proportion of the specimen fitting the frame (insets) at different levels of optical magnification (1–4 times) and distance from the lens (11–5 cm). Every image, shot with the compact camera, is composed of 29 manually stacked images at the narrow setting and cropped to equal dimensions (approx. 1/24 of the original image). Quality and detail improve as lens distance decreases and/or the zoom increases at the cost of reduced depth of field and a smaller portion of the specimen fitting the image frame.

Figure 1 from: Mertens JEJ, Van Roie M, Merckx J, Dekoninck W (2017) The use of low cost compact cameras with focus stacking functionality in entomological digitization projects. ZooKeys 712: 141-154. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.712.20505

Figure 1 - Comparison of the Elytrimitatrix digitized with the professional setup (A shot with the 60 mm macro lens and B with the Canon MP-E 65 mm lens), the compact camera's manual focus stacking mode (C) and internal stacking mode (D). A depicts the whole specimen as would be shot for publication purposes. The red box indicates the section shown in B, C, D and the blue box indicates how the specimen was framed in these three images. Note that the stronger reflections in C, D are the result of a different lighting setup.

Figure 7 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 7 - Focus stacking in Zerene Stacker. The small image in the upper corner provides a detailed close-up of 518 × 345 pix of the image at 100%. A Stack of 77 pictures, aligned and combined with PMax B Stack of 44 pictures, aligned and combined with PMax The individual pictures of both stacks are made with the Leica Z6 APO with DFC290 and Manfrotto led light system.

Figure 9 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 9 - A 3D model of a Dicranorrhina sp. beetle. The left pictures (A, C) represent the 3D model with its texture, while the right pictures (B, D) are from the model with the mesh only and show the level of detail of the 3D model made in Agisoft Photoscan.

Figure 8 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 8 - Focus stacking in Zerene Stacker. The small image in the upper corner provides a detailed close-up of 518 × 345 pix of the image at 100%. A Stack of 74 pictures, aligned and combined with PMax B Stack of 41 pictures, aligned and combined with PMax. The individual pictures of both stacks are made with the Canon-Cognisys set-up and double flash lights.

Figure 5 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 5 - The results of the different stacking methods in Zerene Stacker, each with a detail of a hairy leg and a part of the head with hairs. A, B details of the stack pictures by the PMax method C, D details of the stacked picture with the DMap method.

Figure 4 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 4 - The results of the different stacking methods in Helicon Focus: each stacking option is provided with a detail of a hairy leg and a part of the head with hairs. A, B result of Method A (average) C, D result of Method B (depth) E, F result of Method C (pyramid).

Figure 6 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 6 - Focus stacking in Zerene Stacker. The small image in the upper corner provides a detailed close-up of 518 × 345 pix of the image at 100%. A Stack of 70 pictures, aligned and combined with PMax B Stack of 41 pictures, aligned and combined with PMax. The individual pictures of both stacks are made with the Leica MZ16A with DFC500 camera and Leica KL 1500 LCD lights.

Figure 3 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 3 - The results of the different stacking methods in CombineZP: each stacking option is provided with a detail of a hairy leg and a part of the head with hairs. A, B details of the stack pictures by the Do Stack method C, D details of the stacked picture with the Do Soft Stack E, F details of the Do Weighted Stack method G, H details of the combined pictured with the Pyramid Weighted method I, J details of the stacked image with the Pyramid Do stack method K, L Details of the Stacked image with the Pyramoid Maximum Contrast method.

Figure 1 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 1 - The Canon-Cognisys set-up at the RBINS. The Canon 600D Camera, equipped with a Canon MP-E 65 mm 1:2.8 1–5× Macro Photo Lens, is mounted on the vertically positioned StackShot (Cognisys inc.). In the Ikea closet, at the bottom, you see the two Yongnuo YN560II speedlites positioned frontally and above is the plexiglas fig covered with paper to position the specimen.

Figure 2 from: Brecko J, Mathys A, Dekoninck W, Leponce M, VandenSpiegel D, Semal P (2014) Focus stacking: Comparing commercial top-end set-ups with a semi-automatic low budget approach. A possible solution for mass digitization of type specimens. ZooKeys 464: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.464.8615

Figure 2 - The results of the different stacking methods in Auto-Montage: each stacking option is provided with a single picture which is reduced in size by the Auto-Montage software itself and imprinted with watermarks. A represents the Blended Stacking option B picture composed by the Compound Weighted method C picture stacked by the Exponentially Weighted option D picture composed by the Fixed method and E picture stacked by the Weighted method.