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24 results for “Folivora”
Text-fig. 6. Boxplots showing the proportion of mf2 in relation to the sum of the occlusal area in the five families of extinct sloths. in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 6. Boxplots showing the proportion of mf2 in relation to the sum of the occlusal area in the five families of extinct sloths.
Text-fig. 7. PGLS regressions for Mylodontidae, "Orophodontidae", and the rest of the sloths considered separately, Mylodontidae: dash double-dot line (-..-), "Orophodontidae": dash-dot line (-.-), rest of sloths: dash line (--). in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 7. PGLS regressions for Mylodontidae, "Orophodontidae", and the rest of the sloths considered separately, Mylodontidae: dash double-dot line (-..-), "Orophodontidae": dash-dot line (-.-), rest of sloths: dash line (--).
Text-fig. 5. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the first three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dashed line (- -) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle). in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 5. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the first three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dashed line (- -) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle).
Text-fig. 3. Mandibles of (a) adult (MACN 10830) and (b) juvenile (CAV 898) specimens of Lestodon armatus. Scale bar 5 cm. in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 3. Mandibles of (a) adult (MACN 10830) and (b) juvenile (CAV 898) specimens of Lestodon armatus. Scale bar 5 cm.
Text-fig. 2. Developmental morphospace of molariform ratios in Lestodon armatus compared to the IC model. Dash-dot line (-.-), show OLS line; dash double-dot line (-..-) shows RMA line. in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 2. Developmental morphospace of molariform ratios in Lestodon armatus compared to the IC model. Dash-dot line (-.-), show OLS line; dash double-dot line (-..-) shows RMA line.
Text-fig. 1. Examples of lower dentition and molariforms homologies in the four families of extinct sloths. a: Mylodontidae, b: Megatheriidae, c: Nothrotheriidae, d: Megalonychidae. in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 1. Examples of lower dentition and molariforms homologies in the four families of extinct sloths. a: Mylodontidae, b: Megatheriidae, c: Nothrotheriidae, d: Megalonychidae.
Text-fig. 4. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the last three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dash-dot line (-.-) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle). in Unexpected Inhibitory Cascade In The Molariforms Of Sloths (Folivora, Xenarthra): A Case Study In Xenarthrans Honouring Gerhard Storch'S Open-Mindedness
Text-fig. 4. Macroevolutionary trends related to the IC model in the last three teeth of the six families of extinct sloths, as well as specimens of the "basal Megatherioidea", Pseudoglyptodon, and Bradypus. Dash-dot line (-.-) shows the regression including all data; solid line shows the regression after the exclusion of Octodontotherium (shown in the plot as a filled triangle).
Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)
<p>Sloth morphological evolution has been widely studied qualitatively, with comparative anatomy and morpho-functional approaches, or through quantitative assessments of morphological variation using morphometrics. Only recently, however, have folivoran morphological disparity and evolutionary rates begun to be evaluated using discrete character data. Nonetheless, patterns of morphological evolution in separate character partitions have not been investigated, neither the relative influence of, on the one hand, phylogeny, and on the other, dietary and locomotory adaptations of sloths. Here we evaluate those patterns using a phylomorphospace approach, quantifying morphological disparity and evolutionary rates, and investigating possible drivers of morphological evolution for cranial and postcranial characters in Folivora. The evolution of the morphology in those partitions is associated with distinct patterns of disparity among clades and ecological groups, even though the two partitions do not differ substantially in overall evolutionary tempo. Historical processes shaped the morphological evolution of sloths more consistently than ecological ones, although changes in postcranial characters also seem to be associated with locomotory adaptations, in which morphological convergences were much more common. We also discuss important methodological trade-offs in investigations of partitioned datasets mostly composed of fossil taxa.</p>
Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)
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Figure 4 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 4. Geometric morphometric principal components analysis of the ulna, humerus and scapula of xenarthrans. A, the first two axes of the ulna GM analysis. No other principal components (PC) axis accounts for more than 5% of variation. B, the first two axes of the humerus GM analysis. The small amount of variation accounted for by PC2 is likely due to the small sample sizes for the taxa it differentiates, specifically armadillos, the two giant ground sloths, and to a lesser extent Hapalops. PC3 accounts for 5.6% of variation and differentiates Cyclopes from Paramylodon and Glossotherium. No other axes account for more than 5% of variation. C, the first two PCs of the scapula GM analysis. PCs 3 and 4 account for 8.6% and 6.3% of variation, respectively. PC 3 separates Cyclopes from other taxa, and PC 4 separates Cyclopes and Dasypus from Choloepus. No other PC accounts for more than 5% of variation. Sloth scapula specimens identified with a thick rimmed circle and black dot indicate the specimens shown in 4D. D, Choloepus (centre) has a relatively conserved gross scapular morphology (compare with Paramylodon on right), especially when compared with Bradypus (left), but it has mapped functional traits such as an angled scapular spine onto that conserved bauplan. Squares indicate armadillos, rounded squares indicate anteaters, and circles indicate sloths.
Figure 5 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 5. Geometric morphometric phylomorphospace of the ulna, humerus and scapula. A, phylomorphospace of the ulna shows that tree sloths inhabit the same region of morphospace, suggesting extensive parallel evolution relative to their last common ancestor, while giant ground sloths and armadillos diverged in the opposite direction and anteaters appear to have diverged little from the last
Figure 1 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 1. Phylogeny used in this study showing the relationships among living xenarthrans and extinct sloths based on recent molecular studies (see methods for details on how the tree was constructed). Extant tree sloths are labelled in purple. Hapalops and Acratocnus have been argued to show adaptations for arboreality, although these adaptations might also reflect digging habits. Other sloths are almost certainly terrestrial based on size. None of these forms show adaptation to suspensory behaviours and thus it is likely that this morphobehavioural suite evolved independently in living sloths. A cross symbol (†) indicates an extinct taxon.
Figure 8 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 8. Divergence ages (median and 95% HPD) for all dating models, shown for the main groups of Folivora of the present classification. Time scale in million years ago.
Figure 5 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 5. Estimated rate multipliers for anatomical partitions in each model. Partition colours as in Figure 1.
Figure 2 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 2. Diversity through time for sloth genera sampled and its association with geological epochs. Time scale in million years ago.
Figure 1 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 1. Anatomical partitions and partitioning schemes. Coloured anatomical regions in the skeleton of Paramylodon harlani (modified from Stock, 1925) correspond to the maximally partitioned data subsets, as used in model A7, whereas their combinations into composite partitions used in schemes A1 to A6 are indicated by other colours in the table. UN, unpartitioned model.
Figure 4 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 4. Selected trees, with node supports (Poisson boostrap and posterior probabilities), depicting the overall variation in topologies obtained. A, parsimony IW100. B, parsimony IW5. C, Bayesian UN_p. D, Bayesian IW100_e. All topologies and branch lengths for Bayesian trees are available in the Supporting Information (File S9).
Figure 3. A in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 3. A, marginal likelihoods of Bayesian models. B, normalized Robinson–Foulds (nRF) distances among topologies (with IW100_e used as reference). C, distribution of node supports, with posterior probabilities for Bayesian inferences and bootstrap values for maximum parsimony.
Figure 7 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 7. Stratigraphic fit of maximum parsimony and Bayesian topologies evaluated with two metrics, considering fossil age intervals as known ranges or as stratigraphic uncertainty. A, stratigraphic consistency index (SCI). B, gap excess ratio (GER).
Figure 10 in Reassessing the phylogeny and divergence times of sloths (Mammalia: Pilosa: Folivora), exploring alternative morphological partitioning and dating models
Figure 10. Relative rates (median and 95% HPD) of speciation, extinction and fossilization obtained with a skyline fossilized birth-death process for seven consecutive time bins.
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