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Fig. 2 in Vertically stratified arthropod diversity in a Florida upland hardwood forest

Fig. 2. Polynomial (b = −2.21, 0.11; R2 = 0.93; F = 76.17; P <0.0001) regressions 2, 9 of trap height and mean species richness for arthropods collected in an upland hardwood forest in Florida, USA. Species richness declines with vertical height.

Fig. 3 in Vertically stratified arthropod diversity in a Florida upland hardwood forest

Fig. 3. Mean morphospecies richness categorized by order across 2 m height classes in an upland hardwood hammock in Florida, USA.

Fig. 4 in Vertically stratified arthropod diversity in a Florida upland hardwood forest

Fig. 4. Rarefaction curves for size height classes of arboreal and ground pitfall traps collecting arthropods in an upland hardwood forest in Florida, USA. Steep curves indicate that further sampling would reveal additional morphospecies.

Fig. 1 in Vertically stratified arthropod diversity in a Florida upland hardwood forest

Fig. 1. Arboreal pitfall tap design. Two sheets of metal flashing are cut to length and punched with holes. Next, a cylinder and funnel are formed and secured with pop rivets or similar fastener. A plastic bag is inserted into the cylinder, and the cylinder and funnel are attached with tie straps. The bag is then filled with about 100 mL of 98% propylene glycol and secured to a tree trunk of branch such that arthropods slide down the funnel and into the collection fluid.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Forest Arthropod Collection of Taiwan, TFRI.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Forest Arthropod Collection of Taiwan, TFRI". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/79ae93e0-a2b8-11de-9f79-b8a03c50a862">https://bionomia.net/dataset/79ae93e0-a2b8-11de-9f79-b8a03c50a862</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/79ae93e0-a2b8-11de-9f79-b8a03c50a862">https://gbif.org/dataset/79ae93e0-a2b8-11de-9f79-b8a03c50a862</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroOct 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Long-term monitoring of Azorean forest arthropods: the BALA Project (1997-2022).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Long-term monitoring of Azorean forest arthropods: the BALA Project (1997-2022)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/8a4be36d-18cd-484c-b8ce-f67194cf4bac">https://bionomia.net/dataset/8a4be36d-18cd-484c-b8ce-f67194cf4bac</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/8a4be36d-18cd-484c-b8ce-f67194cf4bac">https://gbif.org/dataset/8a4be36d-18cd-484c-b8ce-f67194cf4bac</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Data on arthropod abundance in tropical forest restoration plots with high or low plant phylogenetic diversity

Consideration of plant phylogenetic diversity in ecological restoration carries substantial potential, as communities with a greater diversity of lineages with older evolutionary histories can increase the diversity of niches and thus are likely to recover larger species networks than communities clustered in specific clades with reduced variation in functional traits. In this study, we experimentally assessed how arthropod communities were affected by the phylogenetic diversity of a set of tropical tree species. We established 12 experimental restoration plots with either high or low plant phylogenetic diversity, while maintaining constant the number of plant species. After one and three years, arthropods with different feeding habits (herbivores, predators, pollinators, and detritivores) were collected and identified as morphospecies or operational taxonomic units using metabarcoding techniques. We provide insights on the influence of plant phylogenetic diversity on arthropod abundance and species diversity, particularly among predator, pollinator, and detritivore common and dominant species, which increased with plant phylogenetic diversity. The trend, however, was the opposite for the diversity of herbivore common and dominant species, which decreased as plant phylogenetic diversity increased. These findings highlight the importance of considering plant species richness when designing restoration strategies, but also their evolutionary histories, as the same number of plant species can produce different outcomes for higher trophic levels, as a function of their phylogenetic relationships.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Weak effects of birds, bats and ants on their arthropod prey on pioneering tropical forest gap vegetation

The relative roles of plants competing for resources versus top-down control of vegetation by herbivores, in turn impacted by predators, during early stages of tropical forest succession remain poorly understood. Here we examine the impact of insectivorous birds, bats and ants exclusion on arthropods communities on replicated 5x5 m of pioneering early successional vegetation plots in lowland tropical forest gaps in Papua New Guinea. In plots from which focal taxa of predators were excluded we observed increased biomass of herbivorous and predatory arthropods, and increased density, and decreased diversity of herbivorous insects. However, changes in the biomass of plants, herbivores and arthropod predators were positively correlated or uncorrelated between these three trophic levels and also between individual arthropod orders. Arthropod abundance and biomass correlated strongly with the plant biomass irrespective of the arthropods' trophic position – a signal of bottom-up control. Patterns in herbivore specialization confirm lack of a strong top-down control and were largely unaffected by the exclusion of insectivorous birds, bats and ants. No changes of plant-herbivore interaction networks were detected except for decrease in modularity of the exclosure plots. Our results suggest weak top-down control of herbivores, limited compensation between arthropod and vertebrate predators, and limited intra-guild predation by birds, bats and ants. Possible explanations are strong bottom-up control, a low activity of the higher order predators, especially birds, possibly also bats, in gaps, and continuous influx of herbivores from surrounding mature forest matrix.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in First Descriptions Of Aquatic Arthropods In An Unpolluted Native Forest Relict (Rucamanque, 38° S, Araucania Region, Chile)

Fig. 1. Map of studied site (adapted from Fierro et al., 2011).

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Reduced predation by arthropods and higher herbivory in burned Amazonian forests

Biodiversity losses have increased in tropical forests due to fire-related disturbances. As landscape fragmentation and climate change increase, fires will become more frequent and widespread across tropical rain forests worldwide, with important implications for forest dynamics by altering plant-animal interactions. Here we tested the hypothesis that recurrent fires in tropical rain forests change bottom-up and top-down forces controlling the abundance of insect herbivores, which in turn increases herbivory. To quantify herbivory, we collected 50 leaves per tree of five species in burned and unburned experimental plots (N = 75) in southeastern Amazonian forests. We measured leaf nitrogen content and leaf thickness of tree leaves as bottom-up factors that could explain differences in herbivory; we measured predation pressure on model caterpillars and estimated the abundance of predatory ants as top-down factors. We found higher herbivory in burned than in unburned forests, as well as lower predator attacks in caterpillar models and lower abundance of predatory ants. Leaf nitrogen content did not vary across treatments. Birds attacked model caterpillars more frequently in burned than in unburned forests, and leaf thickness was higher in burned forests, but these factors together were not enough to offset the higher herbivory in burned plots. Fire degrades tropical forests not only by killing trees and altering their structure and community dynamics, but also by reducing predatory arthropods and disrupting predator-prey interactions, which triggers increased herbivory. These indirect impacts of recurrent fires probably contribute to further alter forest structure, functioning, and to decrease forest regeneration in Amazonian forests.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Data from: Insectivorous birds and bats outperform ants in the top-down regulation of arthropods across strata of a Japanese temperate forest

Birds, bats, and ants are recognized as significant arthropod predators. However, empirical studies reveal inconsistent trends in their relative roles in top-down control across strata. Here, we describe the differences between forest strata in the separate effects of birds, bats, and ants on arthropod densities and their cascading effects on plant damage. We implemented a factorial design to exclude vertebrates and ants in both the canopy and understory. Additionally, we separately excluded birds and bats from the understory using diurnal and nocturnal exclosures. At the end of the experiments, we collected all arthropods and assessed herbivory damage. Arthropods responded similarly to predator exclusion across forest strata, with a density increase of 81% on trees without vertebrates and 53% without both vertebrates and ants. Additionally, bird exclusion alone led to an 89% increase in arthropod density, while bat exclusion resulted in a 63% increase. Herbivory increased by 42% when vertebrates were excluded and by 35% when both vertebrates and ants were excluded. Bird exclusion alone increased herbivory damage by 28%, while the exclusion of bats showed a detectable but non-significant increase (by 22%). In contrast, ant exclusion had no significant effect on arthropod density or herbivory damage across strata. Our results reveal that the effects of birds and bats on arthropod density and herbivory damage are similar between the forest canopy and understory in this temperate forest. In addition, ants were not found to be significant predators in our system. Furthermore, birds, bats, and ants appeared to exhibit antagonistic relationships in influencing arthropod density. These findings highlight, unprecedentedly, the equal importance of birds and bats in maintaining ecological balance across different strata of a temperate forest.

Figure 3 in Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality

Figure 3. Morphological characterization of the galls induced by arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil: (A, B, C) Fabaceae – Dalbergia sp.; (D) undetermined; (E, F, G) Loganiaceae – Sthrychnos sp.; (H) Opiliaceae – Agonandra brasiliensis; (I) Sapindaceae – Serjania sp.; (J) Vitaceae – Cissus sp.; (K) Undetermined family 1; and (L) Undetermined family 2.

Figure 2 in Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality

Figure 2. Morphological characterization of the galls induced by arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): (A) Anacardiaceae – Myracrodruon urundeuva; (B) Schinopsis brasiliensis; (C, D) Asteraceae – Vernonanthura brasiliana; (E) Bignoniaceae undetermined; (F, G) Cannabaceae – Celtis brasiliensis; (H) Combretaceae – Combretum leprosum; (I) Combretum duarteanum; (J) Terminalia phaeocarpa; (K) Cucurbitaceae undetermined; (L) Fabaceae – Anadenanthera colubrine; (M, N) Apuleia leiocarpa; (O) Bauhinia pulchela; and (P) Bauhinia rufa.

Figure 1 in Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality

Figure 1. Location and characterization of the study area. (A) Location of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil), between the urban area of Montes Claros and Parque Estadual da Lapa Grande. Source: Google Earth.(B) Characterization of the vegetation in the rainy season.(C) Characterization of the vegetation in the dry season.

Figure 6 in Distribution of gall-inducing arthropods in areas of deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil): effects of anthropization, vegetation structure and seasonality

Figure 6. Comparison of the richness of gall morphotypes between different sampling seasons in the deciduous seasonal forest of Parque da Sapucaia (Montes Claros, MG, Brazil). (A) Comparison of the richness of gall morphotypes between the rainy and dry seasons. (B) Richness of gall morphotypes in the preserved and anthropized plots during the rainy and dry seasons.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data for: Cavity-breeding birds create specific microhabitats for diverse arthropod communities in boreal forests

The nests of secondary cavity-nesters located in tree cavities may form specific microhabitats of conservation importance due to their limited accessibility and availability. Species-specific nesting materials in nests of different secondary cavity-nesters may furthermore provide very different microhabitats for arthropods. The potential differences in arthropod communities inhabiting nests of different bird species in excavated cavities or nest boxes have, however, rarely been studied despite their relevance for conservation. Here we investigated the diversity and composition of arthropod communities in these different cavity types and bird species' nests in managed boreal forests. We identified morphologically and by DNA-metabarcoding arthropods in nest materials that were collected in and compared between i) woodpecker-size cavities from seven different combinations of cavity type (nest box or excavated cavity), tree species (aspen or pine) and accumulation history of nest materials (single-season cleaned or uncleaned nest boxes that accumulated nests of passerines or an owl species); and ii) nests of two different passerine species in small nest boxes. We identified 64 arthropod taxa in ten orders, from which Diptera, Coleoptera, Siphonaptera, and Lepidoptera were the most abundant. Shannon diversity index was similar among the cavity-nest-type combinations, but taxa richness was the highest in the owl nests. The arthropod communities (especially Histeridae beetles) deviated most from the other types of nests in owl and aspen cavity nests with more advanced decomposition of nest material (soil or wet environment-related taxa). The differences in arthropod communities between the different nest types point out the importance of the ecological chain "tree cavities – bird nests – arthropod communities".